دانلود کتاب Ubuntu Linux Unleashed 2021 Edition, 14th Edition

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Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents at a Glance Table of Contents Introduction Part I: Getting Started 1 Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration Before You Begin the Installation Researching Your Hardware Specifications Installation Options 32-Bit Versus 64-Bit Ubuntu Planning Partition Strategies The Boot Loader Installing from DVD or USB Drive Step-by-Step Installation Installing First Update Shutting Down Finding Programs and Files Software Updater The sudo Command Configuring Software Repositories System Settings Detecting and Configuring a Printer Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu Setting the Time and Date Configuring Wireless Networks Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems References 2 Background Information and Resources What Is Linux? Why Use Linux? What Is Ubuntu? Ubuntu for Business Ubuntu in Your Home Getting the Most from Linux and Ubuntu Documentation Linux Ubuntu Part II: Desktop Ubuntu 3 Foundations of the Linux GUI Foundations and the X Server Basic X Concepts Using X Elements of the xorg.conf File Starting X Using a Display Manager Changing Window Managers References 4 Ubuntu Desktop Options Desktop Environment Using GNOME: A Primer KDE and Kubuntu Xfce and Xubuntu LXDE and Lubuntu MATE and Ubuntu MATE Ubuntu Budgie Ubuntu Kylin References 5 On the Internet Getting Started with Firefox Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium References 6 Productivity Applications Introducing LibreOffice Other Useful Productivity Software Working with PDFs Writing Scripts Working with XML and DocBook Working with LaTeX Creating Mind Maps Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows References 7 Multimedia Applications Sound and Music Sound Cards Sound Formats Listening to Music Graphics Manipulation The GNU Image Manipulation Program Using Scanners in Ubuntu Working with Graphics Formats Capturing Screen Images Other Graphics Manipulation Options Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu Handheld Digital Cameras Using Shotwell Photo Manager Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero Creating CDs from the Command Line Creating DVDs from the Command Line Viewing Video Video Formats Viewing Video in Linux Recording and Editing Audio Editing Video References 8 Games Ubuntu Gaming Installing Proprietary Video Drivers Online Game Sources Steam GOG.com Humble itch.io LGDB Game Jolt Installing Games from the Ubuntu Repositories Warsow Scorched 3D Frozen Bubble SuperTux Battle for Wesnoth Frets on Fire FlightGear Speed Dreams Games for Kids Commercial Games Playing Windows Games References Part III: System Administration 9 Managing Software Ubuntu Software Using Synaptic for Software Management Staying Up to Date Working on the Command Line Day-to-Day APT Usage Finding Software Using apt-get Instead of apt Compiling Software from Source Compiling from a Tarball Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories Configuration Management dotdee Ubuntu Core Using the Snappy Package Manager References 10 Command-Line Beginner’s Class What Is the Command Line? Accessing the Command Line Text-Based Console Login Logging Out Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer User Accounts Reading Documentation Using Man Pages Using apropros Using whereis Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin Configuration Files in /etc User Directories: /home Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with or Obtain Information from the Kernel Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory Navigating the Linux File System Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls Changing Directories with cd Finding Your Current Directory with pwd Working with Permissions Assigning Permissions Directory Permissions Altering File Permissions with chmod File Permissions with umask File Permissions with chgrp Changing File Permissions with chown Understanding Set User ID, Set Group ID, and Sticky Bit Permissions Setting Permissions with Access Control Lists Working with Files Creating a File with touch Creating a Directory with mkdir Deleting a Directory with rmdir Deleting a File or Directory with rm Moving or Renaming a File with mv Copying a File with cp Displaying the Contents of a File with cat Displaying the Contents of a File with less Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions Working as Root Understanding and Fixing sudo Creating Users Deleting Users Shutting Down the System Rebooting the System Commonly Used Commands and Programs References 11 Command-Line Master Class, Part 1 Why Use the Command Line? Using Basic Commands Printing the Contents of a File with cat Changing Directories with cd Changing File Access Permissions with chmod Copying Files with cp Printing Disk Usage with du Using echo Finding Files by Searching with find Searches for a String in Input with grep Paging Through Output with less Creating Links Between Files with ln Finding Files from an Index with locate Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls Listing System Information with lsblk, lshw, lsmod, lspci, and neofetch Reading Manual Pages with man Making Directories with mkdir Moving Files with mv Renaming Files with rename Deleting Files and Directories with rm Sorting the Contents of a File with sort Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail Printing the Location of a Command with which Downloading Files with wget References 12 Command-Line Master Class, Part 2 Redirecting Output and Input stdin, stdout, stderr, and Redirection Comparing Files Finding Differences in Files with diff Finding Similarities in Files with comm Limiting Resource Use and Job Control Listing Processes with ps Listing Jobs with jobs Running One or More Tasks in the Background Moving Jobs to the Background or Foreground with bg and fg Printing Resource Usage with top Setting Process Priority with nice Combining Commands Pipes Combining Commands with Boolean Operators Running Separate Commands in Sequence Process Substitution Executing Jobs in Parallel Using Environment Variables Using Common Text Editors Working with nano Working with vi Working with emacs Working with sed and awk Working with Compressed Files Using Multiple Terminals with byobu Doing a Polite System Reset Using REISUB Fixing an Ubuntu System That Will Not Boot Checking BIOS Checking GRUB Reinstalling GRUB Using Recovery Mode Reinstalling Ubuntu Tips and Tricks Running the Previous Command Running Any Previous Command Running a Previous Command That Started with Specific Letters Running the Same Thing You Just Ran with a Different First Word Viewing Your History and More Doing Two or More Things Using Shortcuts Confining a Script to a Directory Using Coreutils Reading the Contents of the Kernel Ring Buffer with dmesg References 13 Managing Users User Accounts The Super User/Root User User IDs and Group IDs File Permissions Managing Groups Group Listing Group Management Tools Managing Users User Management Tools Adding New Users Monitoring User Activity on the System Managing Passwords System Password Policy The Password File Shadow Passwords Managing Password Security for Users Changing Passwords in a Batch Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command Disk Quotas Implementing Quotas Manually Configuring Quotas Related Ubuntu Commands References 14 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting What Is a Shell? Scheduling Tasks Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly Using rtcwake to Wake Your Computer from Sleep Automatically Basic Shell Control The Shell Command Line Shell Pattern-Matching Support Redirecting Input and Output Piping Data Background Processing Writing and Executing a Shell Script Running the New Shell Program Storing Shell Scripts for System-wide Access Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells Using Variables in Shell Scripts Assigning a Value to a Variable Accessing Variable Values Positional Parameters A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks Built-in Variables Special Characters Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash Comparing Expressions with tcsh The for Statement The while Statement The until Statement The repeat Statement (tcsh) The select Statement (pdksh) The shift Statement The if Statement The expr Statement The case Statement The break and exit Statements Using Functions in Shell Scripts References 15 The Boot Process Running Services at Boot Beginning the Boot Loading Process Loading the Linux Kernel Starting and Stopping Services with systemd Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems Boot-Repair References 16 System-Monitoring Tools Console-Based Monitoring Using the kill Command to Control Processes Using Priority Scheduling and Control Displaying Free and Used Memory with free Disk Space Disk Quotas Checking Log Files Rotating Log Files Graphical Process- and System-Management Tools System Monitor Conky Other Graphical Process- and System-Monitoring Tools KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools Enterprise Server Monitoring References 17 Backing Up Choosing a Backup Strategy Why Data Loss Occurs Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources Evaluating Backup Strategies Making the Choice Choosing Backup Hardware and Media External Hard Drive Network Storage Tape Drive Backups Cloud Storage Using Backup Software tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool The GNOME File Roller The KDE ark Archiving Tool Déjà Dup Back In Time Unison Amanda Alternative Backup Software Copying Files Copying Files Using tar Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams Copying Files Using cp Using rsync Version Control for Configuration Files System Rescue The Ubuntu Rescue Disc Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive References 18 Networking Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr Networking with TCP/IP TCP/IP Addressing Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu Ports IPv6 Basics Network Organization Subnetting Subnet Masks Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing Hardware Devices for Networking Network Interface Cards Network Cable Hubs and Switches Routers and Bridges Initializing New Network Hardware Using Network Configuration Tools Command-Line Network Interface Configuration Network Configuration Files Using Graphical Configuration Tools Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol How DHCP Works Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time DHCP Software Installation and Configuration Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts Other Uses for DHCP Wireless Networking Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols Beyond the Network and onto the Internet Common Configuration Information Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access Understanding PPP over Ethernet Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually Configuring Dial-up Internet Access Troubleshooting Connection Problems References 19 Remote Access with SSH and VNC Setting Up an SSH Server SSH Tools Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins Virtual Network Computing Guacamole References 20 Securing Your Machines Understanding Computer Attacks Assessing Your Vulnerability Protecting Your Machine Securing a Wireless Network Passwords and Physical Security Configuring and Using Tripwire Securing Devices Viruses Configuring Your Firewall AppArmor Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan References 21 Performance Tuning Storage Disk Linux File Systems The hdparm Command File System Tuning The tune2fs Command The e2fsck Command The badblocks Command Disabling File Access Time Kernel Tuned References 22 Kernel and Module Management The Linux Kernel The Linux Source Tree Types of Kernels Managing Modules When to Recompile Kernel Versions Obtaining the Kernel Sources Patching the Kernel Compiling the Kernel Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image When Something Goes Wrong Errors During Compile Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops References Part IV: Ubuntu as a Server 23 Sharing Files and Printers Using Network File System Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS NFS Server Configuration NFS Client Configuration Putting Samba to Work Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf Testing Samba with the testparm Command Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon Mounting Samba Shares Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu Creating Network Printers Using the CUPS GUI Avoiding Printer Support Problems References 24 Common Web Server Stacks LAMP LEMP MEAN References 25 Apache Web Server Management About the Apache Web Server Installing the Apache Server Starting and Stopping Apache Runtime Server Configuration Settings Runtime Configuration Directives Editing apache2.conf Apache Multiprocessing Modules Using .htaccess Configuration Files File System Authentication and Access Control Restricting Access with Require Authentication Final Words on Access Control Apache Modules mod_access mod_alias mod_asis mod_auth mod_auth_anon mod_auth_dbm mod_auth_digest mod_autoindex mod_cgi mod_dir and mod_env mod_expires mod_headers mod_include mod_info and mod_log_config mod_mime and mod_mime_magic mod_negotiation mod_proxy mod_rewrite mod_setenvif mod_speling mod_status mod_ssl mod_unique_id mod_userdir mod_usertrack mod_vhost_alias Virtual Hosting Address-Based Virtual Hosts Name-Based Virtual Hosts Logging HTTPS References 26 Nginx Web Server Management About the Nginx Web Server Installing the Nginx Server Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories Building the Source Yourself Configuring the Nginx Server Virtual Hosting Setting Up PHP Adding and Configuring Modules HTTPS Reference 27 Other HTTP Servers lighttpd Yaws Cherokee Jetty thttpd Apache Tomcat WildFly Caddy References 28 Administering Relational Database Services A Brief Review of Database Basics How Relational Databases Work Understanding SQL Basics Creating Tables Inserting Data into Tables Retrieving Data from a Database Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL Speed Data Locking ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity SQL Subqueries Procedural Languages and Triggers Configuring MySQL Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User Creating a Database in MySQL Configuring PostgreSQL Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL Creating a Database in PostgreSQL Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL Database Clients SSH Access to a Database Local GUI Client Access to a Database Web Access to a Database The MySQL Command-Line Client The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client Graphical Clients References 29 NoSQL Databases Key/Value Stores Berkeley DB Cassandra etcd Memcached and MemcacheDB Redis Riak Scylla Document Stores CouchDB MongoDB BaseX Wide Column Stores BigTable HBase Graph Stores Neo4j OrientDB HyperGraphDB FlockDB References 30 Virtualization on Ubuntu KVM VirtualBox VMware Xen References 31 Containers and Ubuntu LXC and LXD Docker Kubernetes References 32 Ubuntu and Cloud Computing Why a Cloud? Software as a Service (SaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Metal as a Service (MaaS) Things to Consider Before You Make Any Decisions Ubuntu on the Public Cloud OpenStack Amazon Web Services Google Cloud Microsoft Azure Hybrid Clouds Canonical-Specific Cloud Offerings Juju Mojo: Continuous Delivery for Juju Landscape References 33 Managing Sets of Servers Puppet Chef Ansible SaltStack CFEngine Juju Landscape References 34 Handling Email How Email Is Sent and Received The Mail Transport Agent Choosing an MTA The Mail Delivery Agent The Mail User Agent Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation Configuring Masquerading Using Smart Hosts Setting Message Delivery Intervals Mail Relaying Forwarding Email with Aliases Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail Installing Fetchmail Configuring Fetchmail Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent Procmail Spamassassin Squirrelmail Virus Scanners Autoresponders References 35 Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) What Is a Proxy Server? Installing Squid Configuring Clients Access Control Lists Specifying Client IP Addresses Sample Configurations Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Setting Up a VPN Client Setting Up a VPN Server References 36 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Configuring the Server Creating Your Schema Populating Your Directory Configuring Clients LDAP Administration References 37 Name Serving with the Domain Name System (DNS) Understanding Domain Names DNS Servers DNS Records Setting Up a DNS Server with BIND References Part V: Programming Linux 38 Using Programming Tools Programming in C with Linux Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu Building Programs with make Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code Debugging Tools Using the GNU C Compiler Programming in Java with Linux Graphical Development Tools IDEs and SDKs Using the KDevelop Client The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME Beginning Mobile Development for Android Hardware Linux Kernel Libraries Android Runtime Application Framework Applications Installing Android Studio Creating Your First Android Application Version Control Systems Managing Software Projects with Git Managing Software Projects with Bazaar Managing Software Projects with Subversion Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery and DevOps Tools CI/CD Tools Chaos Engineering Canonical-created Tools Launchpad Ubuntu Make Creating Snap Packages Bikeshed and Other Tools References 39 Using Popular Programming Languages Ada Clojure COBOL D Dart Elixir Elm Erlang Forth Fortran Go Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript Kotlin Lisp Lua Mono OCaml Perl PHP Python Raku Ruby Rust Scala Scratch Vala References 40 Helping with Ubuntu Development Introduction to Ubuntu Development Setting Up Your Development System Install Basic Packages and Configure Creating a Launchpad Account Setting Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad Fixing Bugs and Packaging References 41 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA Community Teams Ubuntu Testing Team Ubuntu QA Team Bug Squad References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Part VI Bonus Online Chapters 42 Using Perl Using Perl with Linux Perl Versions A Simple Perl Program Perl Variables and Data Structures Perl Variable Types Special Variables Perl Operators Comparison Operators Compound Operators Arithmetic Operators Other Operators Special String Constants Conditional Statements: if/else and unless if unless Looping for foreach while until last and next do ... while and do ... until Regular Expressions Access to the Shell Modules and CPAN Code Examples Sending Mail Purging Logs Posting to Usenet One-Liners Command-Line Processing References 43 Using Python Python on Linux The Basics of Python Numbers More on Strings Lists Dictionaries Conditionals and Looping Functions Object Orientation Class and Object Variables Constructors and Destructors Class Inheritance The Standard Library and the Python Package Index References 44 Using PHP Introduction to PHP Entering and Exiting PHP Mode Variables Arrays Constants References Comments Escape Sequences Variable Substitution Operators Conditional Statements Special Operators Switching Loops Including Other Files Basic Functions Strings Arrays Files Miscellaneous Handling HTML Forms Databases References