دانلود کتاب Understanding Position Sensors

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Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the Author
Preface
Trademarks
About the Support Material
Chapter 1 Sensor Definitions and Conventions
1.1 Is It a Sensor or a Transducer?
1.2 Position versus Displacement
1.3 Absolute or Incremental Reading
1.4 Contact or Contactless Sensing and Actuation
1.5 Linear/Angular Configuration
1.6 Position, Velocity, Acceleration
1.7 Application versus Sensor Technology
1.8 Operational Lifetime
1.9 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 2 Specifications
2.1 About Position Sensor Specifications
2.2 Measuring Range
2.3 Zero, Span, and Full Scale
2.4 Repeatability
2.5 Nonlinearity
2.5.1 Best Straight Line Nonlinearity
2.5.2 Zero-Based Nonlinearity
2.5.3 End-Point Nonlinearity
2.5.4 Least-Squares Straight-Line Nonlinearity
2.6 Hysteresis
2.7 Calibrated Accuracy
2.8 Drift
2.9 What Does All This Accuracy Stuff Mean to Me?
2.10 Temperature Effects
2.11 Response Time
2.12 Damping
2.13 Cross Sensitivity
2.14 Shock and Vibration
2.15 Electromagnetic Compatibility
2.16 High Voltage Pulse Protection
2.16.1 EFT Immunity
2.16.2 Surge Immunity
2.17 Power Requirements
2.18 Intrinsic Safety, Explosion Proofing, and Purging
2.18.1 An Inerting System
2.18.2 Intrinsic Safety
2.18.3 Explosion Proof
2.18.4 Purging
2.19 Reliability
2.20 Questions for Review
Chapter 3 Sensor Outputs and Communication Protocols
3.1 Analog Output Types
3.2 Digital Output Types
3.3 SSI
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 SSI Hardware Configuration
3.3.3 SSI Data Configuration
3.3.4 SSI Data Sequence
3.3.5 Optocoupler
3.3.6 Other Considerations Regarding SSI
3.4 CANbus
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 The Basic CANbus
3.4.3 CANopen and DeviceNet
3.4.4 DeviceNet vs. CANopen
3.4.5 Object-Oriented
3.4.6 Layers
3.4.7 Message Frames
3.4.8 The CANbus Data Frame
3.4.8.1 Bits, Binary, and So On
3.4.9 Profiles
3.4.10 Connecting CANbus Devices
3.4.11 Hardware Configuration
3.4.12 Bus Contention
3.4.13 Bus Arbitration
3.4.14 Message Priority
3.4.15 CSMA/CD
3.4.16 Non-Destructive Bitwise Arbitration
3.4.17 Bit Encoding
3.4.18 CANopen Objects
3.4.19 Network Management
3.4.20 Minimal Functionality Devices
3.4.21 Error Detection
3.5 PROFIBUS
3.6 HART
3.6.1 HART Data
3.6.2 Process Variables
3.6.3 HART Network Connections
3.6.4 Seven-Layer Model
3.6.5 Device Description Language (DDL)
3.6.6 Long Form Address versus Short Form Address
3.6.7 Communication Speed
3.6.8 Installing Leader and Field Devices in a Wired System
3.6.8.1 Wiring
3.6.8.2 Primary or Secondary Leader
3.6.8.3 Calibration
3.6.8.4 Troubleshooting
3.6.9 WirelessHART
3.7 Industrial Ethernet
3.7.1 EtherNet/IP
3.7.2 OSI Model
3.7.3 Connections
3.8 Modbus
3.8.1 Introduction
3.8.2 Modbus Versions
3.8.3 Communication
3.8.4 Object Types
3.8.5 Commands
3.8.6 Frames
3.9 Questions for Review
Chapter 4 Resistive/Potentiometric Sensing
4.1 Resistive Position Sensors
4.2 Resistance
4.3 History of Resistors and Resistive Position Sensors
4.4 Position Sensor Design
4.5 The Resistive Element
4.6 The Wiper
4.7 Linear and Rotary Mechanics
4.8 Signal Conditioning
4.9 Advantages/Disadvantages
4.10 Typical Performance Parameters
4.10.1 Nonlinearity
4.10.2 Hysteresis
4.10.3 Wear/Lifetime
4.10.4 Dead Zones
4.11 Specifications and Application
4.12 Manufacturers
4.13 Questions for Review
Chapter 5 Cable Extension Transducers
5.1 Cable Extension Transducer History
5.2 Cable Extension Transducer Construction
5.3 Signal Conditioning
5.4 Application
5.4.1 Gravity
5.4.2 Wind
5.4.3 Shock and Vibration
5.4.4 Stretch and T/C
5.4.5 Adding a Pulley
5.5 Advantages/Disadvantages
5.6 Performance Specifications
5.6.1 Nonlinearity
5.6.2 Hysteresis
5.6.3 Sine Error
5.7 Typical Specification
5.8 Manufacturers
5.9 Questions for Review
Chapter 6 Capacitive Sensing
6.1 Capacitive Position Sensors
6.2 Capacitance
6.3 Dielectric Constant
6.4 History of Capacitive Position Sensors
6.5 Capacitive Position Sensor Design
6.6 Electronic Circuits for Capacitive Sensors
6.7 Guard Electrodes
6.8 EMI/RFI
6.9 Typical Performance Specifications and Application
6.10 Manufacturers
6.11 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 7 Inductive Sensing
7.1 Inductive Position Sensors
7.2 Inductance
7.3 Permeability
7.4 History of Inductive Position Sensors
7.5 Inductive Position Sensor Design
7.6 The Coil and Bobbin
7.7 Core
7.8 Signal Conditioning
7.9 Advantages
7.10 Typical Application and Performance Specifications
7.11 Manufacturers
7.12 Questions for Review
Chapter 8 The LVDT and RVDT
8.1 LVDT and RVDT Position Sensors
8.2 History of the LVDT and RVDT
8.3 LVDT and RVDT Position Sensor Design
8.4 Coils
8.5 Core
8.6 Carrier Frequency
8.7 Demodulation
8.8 Signal Conditioning
8.9 Synchronization
8.10 Calibration
8.11 Advantages
8.12 Typical Performance Specifications and Application
8.13 Manufacturers
8.14 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 9 Distributed Impedance
9.1 Distributed Impedance Position Sensors
9.2 History
9.3 Operational Theory
9.4 The Distributed Impedance Sensing Element as a Transmission Line
9.5 Periodic Structures
9.6 Hybrid Waves
9.7 Distributed Impedance Sensor Design
9.8 Electronics
9.9 Advantages
9.10 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications
9.11 Infinite Resolution?
9.12 Calibration
9.13 Manufacturers
9.14 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 10 The Hall Effect
10.1 Hall Effect Sensors
10.2 The Hall Effect
10.3 History of the Hall Effect
10.4 Hall Effect Position Sensor Design
10.5 The Hall Effect Element
10.6 Electronics
10.7 Linear Arrays
10.8 Advantages
10.9 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications
10.10 Manufacturers
10.11 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 11 Magnetoresistive Sensing
11.1 Magnetoresistive Sensors
11.2 Magnetoresistance
11.3 History of Magnetoresistive Sensors
11.4 Magnetoresistive Position Sensor Design
11.5 The Magnetoresistive Element
11.6 Linear Arrays
11.7 Electronics
11.8 Advantages of Magnetoresistive Sensors
11.9 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications
11.10 Manufacturers
11.11 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 12 Magnetostrictive Sensing
12.1 Magnetostrictive Sensors
12.2 Magnetostriction
12.3 History of Magnetostriction
12.4 Magnetostrictive Position Sensor Design
12.5 Waveguide
12.6 Position Magnet
12.7 Pickup Devices
12.8 Damp
12.9 Waveguide Suspension
12.10 Electronics
12.11 Angular/Rotary Magnetostrictive Sensors
12.12 Advantages
12.13 Typical Performance Specifications
12.14 Application
12.15 Manufacturers
12.16 Questions for Review
References
Chapter 13 Encoders
13.1 Linear and Rotary
13.2 History of Encoders
13.3 Construction
13.4 Absolute versus Incremental Encoders
13.5 Optical Encoders
13.6 Magnetic Encoders
13.7 Capacitive Encoders
13.8 Quadrature
13.8.1 Burst Mode
13.9 Binary versus Gray Code
13.10 Electronics
13.11 Advantages
13.12 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications
13.13 Manufacturers
13.14 Questions for Review
Chapter 14 Optical Triangulation
14.1 Linear Sensing
14.2 History
14.3 Construction
14.4 Light Sensor
14.4.1 PSD
14.4.2 CCD
14.4.3 CMOS
14.5 Electronics
14.6 Laser
14.7 Advantages
14.8 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications
14.9 Manufacturers
14.10 Questions for Review
Chapter 15 Ultrasonic Sensing
15.1 Ultrasonic Position Sensing
15.2 History
15.3 Construction
15.4 Transducer
15.5 Design Considerations
15.5.1 Echo Amplitude
15.6 Electronics
15.7 Advantages
15.8 Typical Performance Specifications
15.9 Manufacturers
15.10 Questions for Review
References and Bibliography
Glossary of Sensor Terminology
Index