دانلود کتاب Understanding Semantics

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Meaning and semantics
1.1 Levels of meaning
1.2 Sentence meaning and compositionality
1.3 Semantics: its scope and limits
Exercises
Further reading
2 Dimensions of meaning
2.1 Meanings are concepts
2.2 Descriptive meaning
2.3 Meaning and social interaction: the dimension of social meaning
2.4 Meaning and subjectivity: the dimension of expressive meaning
2.5 Connotations
2.6 Dimensions of meaning
Exercises
Further reading
3 Ambiguity
3.1 Lexemes
3.2 Lexical ambiguity
3.3 Compositional ambiguity
3.4 Contextual ambiguity
3.5 Meaning shifts and polysemy
Exercises
Further reading
4 Meaning and context
Part 1: Deixis
4.1 Person deixis
4.2 Demonstratives and place deixis
4.3 Time deixis
Part 2: Determination
4.4 Definiteness and indefiniteness
4.5 Quantification
4.6 Generic NPs
Part 3: Presuppositions
4.7 Presuppositions
4.8 Summary
Exercises
Further reading
5 Predication
5.1 Predications contained in a sentence
5.2 Predicate terms and argument terms, predicates and arguments
5.3 Verbs
5.4 Nouns and adjectives
5.5 Predicate logic notation
5.6 Thematic roles
5.7 Selectional restrictions
5.8 Summary
Exercises
Further reading
6 Verbs
6.1 Argument structure, diatheses and alternations
6.2 Situation structure
6.3 Aspect
6.4 Tense
6.5 Selected tense and aspect systems
6.6 Concluding remark
Exercises
Further reading
7 Meaning and logic
7.1 Logical basics
7.2 Logical properties of sentences
7.3 Logical relations between sentences
7.4 Sentential logic
7.5 Logical relations between words
7.6 Logic and meaning
7.7 Classical logic and presuppositions
Exercises
Further reading
8 Meaning relations
8.1 Synonymy
8.2 Hyponymy
8.3 Oppositions
8.4 Lexical fields
Exercises
Further reading
9 Meaning components
9.1 The structuralist approach
9.2 Applying the structuralist approach to meaning
9.3 Semantic features
9.4 Semantic formulae
9.5 Semantic primes: Wierzbicka’s Natural Semantic Metalanguage
9.6 Summary and evaluation of the approaches to decomposition
Exercises
Further reading
10 Meaning and language comparison
10.1 Translation problems
10.2 Headache, international
10.3 Relativism and universalism
10.4 Berlin and Kay’s investigation of colour terms
10.5 Consequences
Exercises
Further reading
11 Meaning and cognition
11.1 Categories and concepts
11.2 Prototype theory
11.3 The hierarchical organization of categories
11.4 Challenges to prototype theory
11.5 Semantics and prototype theo
11.6 Semantic knowledge
11.7 Summary
Exercises
Further reading
12 Frames
12.1 Barsalou frames
12.2 Verbs and frames
12.3 Nouns and frames
12.4 Frames and composition
12.5 Frames and cognition
12.6 Conclusion
Exercises
Further reading
13 Formal semantics
13.1 Japanese numerals: a simple example of a compositional analysis
13.2 A small fragment of English
13.3 Model-theoretic semantics
13.4 Possible-world semantics
13.5 The scope and limits of possible-world semantics
Exercises
Further reading
References
Index