دانلود کتاب Vascular Diagnosis with Ultrasound: Clinical Reference with Case Studies Volume 1: Cerebral and Peripheral Vessels

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Vascular Diagnosis with Ultrasound: Clinical Reference with Case Studies
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Table of Contents
Important Abbreviations and Symbols
1 Physics and Technology of Ultrasound
Basic Ultrasound Physics
Properties of Waves
Reflection
Refraction
Scattering and Diffraction
Attenuation
Intensity and Power
The Doppler Effect
Ultrasound Technology
Doppler Systems
Continuous-Wave Doppler Sonography
Pulsed-Wave Doppler Sonography
B-Mode Imaging
Color Doppler Flow Imaging
Power Doppler Imaging
Duplex Systems
Compound Imaging
B-Flow Imaging
Transducers
Signal Analysis
Audio Signal Analysis
Zero-Crossing Counter
Time-Interval Histograms
Spectral Analysis
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
Image Acquisition
Monitoring Spatial Position
Computerized Motor-Driven Systems
Semiregistration Techniques
POM Scanhead Tracking
Reconstruction Techniques
Visualization Techniques
Four-Dimensional Applications
Contrast Imaging
Nonlinear Characteristics of Microbubbles
Microbubble Destruction
Low Mechanical Index Imaging
Stimulated Acoustic Emission
Harmonic Imaging
Pulse Inversion Harmonic Imaging
Power Pulse Inversion Imaging
Microvascular Imaging
Microbubble Refill Kinetics
References
2 Extracranial Cerebral Arteries
Examination
Special Equipment and Documentation
Examination Conditions
Patient and Examiner
Conducting the Examination
Examination Sequence
Orbital Arteries
Neck Arteries
Common Carotid Artery
Internal and External Carotid Arteries
Vertebral−Subclavian System
Vertebral Artery
Subclavian Artery
Innominate Artery (Brachiocephalic Trunk)
Thoracic Aorta
Normal Findings
Orbital Arteries
Principle
Anatomy and Findings
Anatomy
Findings
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Neck Arteries
Principle
Anatomy and Findings
Carotid System
Anatomy
Common Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Vertebral−Subclavian System
Anatomy
Vertebral Artery
Subclavian Artery
Innominate Artery−Aortic Arch
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Ultrasound Incident Angle
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Vascular Width
Anomalies in the Vascular Course
Venous Superimposition
Echogenicity
Postintervention
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Pathological Findings
Orbital Arteries
Principle
Findings
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Carotid System
Principle
Findings
Common Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Evaluation
Vascular Degeneration and Atherogenesis
Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion
Carotid Bifurcation Stenosis
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion and Ipsilateral External Carotid Artery Stenosis
External Carotid Artery Occlusion and Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis
Sequential Ipsilateral Stenoses in the Carotid System
Multivessel Disease
Carotid Artery Dissection
Postoperative Findings
Postinterventional Findings (Stenting)
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Vertebral Artery System
Principle
Findings
Increased Flow Velocities
Decreased Flow Velocities
Slosh Phenomenon
Intermediate Blood Flow
Absent Signal
Retrograde Blood Flow
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Supra-Aortic System
Principle
Findings
Subclavian Artery
Obstruction Proximal to the Origin of the Vertebral Artery
Obstruction Distal to the Origin of the Vertebral Artery
Innominate Artery
Aortic Arch
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
References
3 Intracranial Cerebral Arteries
Examination
Special Equipment and Documentation
Examination Conditions
Patient and Examiner
Conducting the Examination
Ultrasound Application and Probe Position
Transtemporal Ultrasound
Transorbital Ultrasound
Transnuchal Ultrasound
Ophthalmic Artery and Internal CarotidArtery (Siphon)
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery and T-Junction
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
Vertebral Artery (VA)
Basilar Artery (BA)
Functional Tests
Compression Tests
Vasomotor Reactivity Tests
CO2 Reactivity Test
Autoregulation Tests
Vasoneural Coupling
Posterior Cerebral Artery Stimulation
Middle Cerebral Artery Stimulation
Techniques
Transcranial Monitoring (TCM)
Ultrasound Contrast Administration
Normal Findings
Principle
Anatomy and Findings
Carotid Siphon—Ophthalmic Artery
Anatomy
Findings
Middle Cerebral Artery
Anatomy
Findings
Anterior Cerebral Artery and Anterior Communicating Artery
Anatomy
Findings
Normal Values
Posterior Cerebral Artery and Posterior Communicating Artery
Anatomy
Findings
Vertebral Artery and Basilar Artery
Anatomy
Findings
Functional Tests
Compression Tests
Vasomotor Reactivity Test
CO2 Reactivity Tests
Autoregulation Tests
Vasoneural Coupling
Monitoring
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Weak or Absent Signals
Anatomical Reasons for Error
Technical Artifacts
Hemodynamic Causes
Pathophysiological Causes
Identification Problems
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Pathological Findings
Principle
Findings
Stenoses
Occlusions
Collateralization of Extracranial Carotid Artery Obstructions
Evaluation
Dilative Arteriopathy
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Arteriovenous Malformation
Spasms and Aneurysms
Extracranial−Intracranial Bypass
Increased Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Circulatory Arrest
Intracranial Findings in Steal Phenomena
Functional Disturbances
Monitoring
Acute Stroke
Spontaneous Microemboli (MES) and High-Intensity Signals (HITS)
Monitoring During Interventional Procedures
Right-to-Left Shunt Detection
TCD and Migraine
TCD and Epilepsy
Sources of Error
Incorrect Anatomic Identification of FlowAccelerations
Absent Signal
Inadequate Control − Of orthopnea, hematocrit, hypoglycemia
Normal Variants
Special Applications
Brain Structure Imaging
Hemorrhage, Midline Shift
Tissue Perfusion
Diagnostic Effectiveness
References
4 Cerebral Veins
Examination
Special Equipment and Documentation
Examination Conditions
Patient and Examiner
Conducting the Examination
Functional Tests (Provoked Flow Signals)
Normal Findings
Anatomy and Findings
Extracranial Veins—Internal Jugular Vein
Intracranial Veins
Evaluation
Pathological Findings
Principle
Findings
Extracranial Veins
Jugular Vein Thrombosis
Ectasias and Aneurysms
Venous Congestion
Arteriovenous Fistulas
Intracranial Veins
Sinus Thrombosis
Cavernous Sinus Fistula
Arteriovenous Malformations
Venous Malformations
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
References
5 Peripheral Arteries
Systolic Blood-Pressure Measurement
Examination
Special Equipment and Documentation
Examination Conditions
Patient and Examiner
Conducting the Examination
Examination Sequence
Pelvic and Leg Arteries
Measurement of Pressure at Rest
Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise
Measurement of Segmental Pressure
Measurement of Toe Pressure
Upper Extremity Arteries
Measurement of Digit Pressure
Normal Findings
Principle
Findings
Pelvic and Leg Arteries
Measurement of Pressure at Rest
Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise
Measurement of Segmental Pressure
Upper Extremity Arteries
Evaluation
Measurement of Ankle Pressure
Measurement of Toe Pressure
Measurement of Digit Pressure
Pathological Findings
Principle
Findings
Pelvic and Leg Arteries
Measurement of Pressure at Rest
Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise
Measurement of Segmental Pressure
Measurement of Toe Pressure
Upper Extremity Arteries
Measurement of Pressure at Rest
Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise
Measurement of Digit Pressure
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Color Flow Duplex Sonography and Continuous-Wave Doppler Sonography
Examination
Special Equipment and Documentation
Examination Conditions
Patient and Examiner
Conducting the Examination
Examination Sequence
Pelvic and Leg Arteries
Upper Extremity Arteries
Normal Findings
Principle
Findings and Anatomy
Pelvic Level
Thigh Level
Calf and Foot Arteries
Upper Extremity Arteries
Evaluation
Pathological Findings
Grading of Stenoses
Principle
Principle of the Continuity Equation
Principle of the Bernoulli Equation
Findings
Pelvic Level
Thigh Level
Calf and Foot Arteries
Upper Extremity Arteries
Subclavian Artery and Arm Arteries
Arteries of the Hand and Fingers
Special Sets of Findings
Neurovascular Compression Syndrome of the Shoulder Girdle
Examination and Findings
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
Endothelial Dysfunction
Inflammatory Vascular Diseases
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Winiwarter−Buerger Disease)
Takayasu Arteritis
Entrapment Syndrome
Cause
Classification
Findings
Effects of Compression
Provocation Maneuvers
Cystic Adventitial Degeneration
Findings
Aneurysms
True Aneurysm
Findings
False Aneurysm
Findings
Compression Therapy
Arteriovenous Fistulas
Principle and Etiology
Findings
Hemodialysis Shunt
Temporary Shunts
Monitoring Lumen Recanalization Techniques
Angioplasty and Stenting
Vascular Prostheses and Bypasses
Iatrogenic Arterial Dissection
Arterial Locks
Evaluation
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
References
6 Peripheral Veins
Examination
Special Equipment and Documentation
Examination Conditions
Patient and Examiner
Deep Pelvic and Leg Veins
Superficial Leg Veins
Upper Extremity Veins
Conducting the Examination
Pelvic and Leg Veins
Spontaneous Respiration (S-sounds)
Augmented Sounds (A-sounds)
Testing for Insufficiency of Perforating Veins
Upper Extremity Veins
Spontaneous Respiration (S-sounds)
Augmented Sounds (A-sounds)
Examination Sequence
Pelvic and Leg Veins
Upper Extremity Veins
Normal Findings
Principle
Anatomy and Findings
Pelvic and Leg Veins
Deep Venous System
Superficial Venous System
Perforating Veins
Upper Extremity Veins
Deep Venous System
Superficial Venous System
Perforating Veins
Evaluation
Patency Examination
Valvular Function
Pathological Findings
Principle
Findings
Pelvic and Leg Veins
Deep Venous System
Thrombotic Processes
Muscle Vein Thromboses
Valvular Insufficiency
Superficial Venous System
Collateral Veins
Thrombophlebitis
Perforating Veins
Upper Extremity Veins
Deep Venous System
Thrombotic Processes
Superficial Venous System
Special Sets of Findings
Congenital Venous Dysplasias
Klippel−Trénaunay Syndrome
F.P. Weber Syndrome
Servelle−Martorell Syndrome
Atypical Varicosis
Pelvic Venous Syndrome
Hemangiomas
Arteriovenous Fistulas
Venous Hypoplasia and Aplasia
Venous Valve Agenesis and Hypoplasia
Venous Aneurysms
Secondary Arteriovenous Fistulas
Acquired Venous Aneurysms
Evaluation
Thrombotic Processes
Valvular Insufficiency
Sources of Error
Diagnostic Effectiveness
Thrombotic Processes
Thrombosis of the Shoulder and Arm Veins
Post-Thrombotic Venous System
Age of Venous Thrombosis
Valvular Insufficiency
Insufficient Perforating Veins
Thrombophlebitis
Special Sets of Findings
References
7 Case Histories
Anatomical Overview
Documentation and Examination Report
Extracranial Cerebral Arteries
1 Plaques (Right) and Mild Degree of Stenosis (Left) in the Internal Carotid Artery
2 Moderate Degree of Stenosis of the Right Internal Carotid Artery
3 Dissection of the Left Internal Carotid Artery
4 Findings after Stent Placement
5 Multivessel Disease
6 Severe Stenosis of the Innominate Artery
7 Ipsilateral Multilevel Carotid Disease: Stenosis at the Siphon and the Bifurcation of the Left Internal Carotid Artery in the Neck
8 Permanent Subclavian Steal Phenomenon on the Left
9 Takayasu’s Aortic Arch Arteritis
10 Dissection of Both Vertebral Arteries
11 Stenosis of the Vertebrobasilar Arteries
Intracranial Arteries
12 Stenosis of the Middle Cerebral Artery (Right M1 Segment)
13 MCA Occlusion due to Carotid Stenosis
14 Basilar Aneurysm due to Dolichoectasia
15 Transient Internal Carotid Artery Fistula on the Left
16 Acute Stroke due to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with Spontaneous Recanalization
Peripheral Arteries
Pelvic Level
17 Stenosis of the Iliac Artery  50%
18 Stenosis of the Iliac Artery 50%
19 Occlusion of the Iliac Artery
Thigh Level
20 Stenosis of the Femoral Artery
21 Occlusion of the Femoral Artery (Short)
22 Occlusion of the Femoral Artery ](Longer)
23 Occlusion of the Popliteal Artery
24 Aneurysm of the Femoral Artery
25 Aneurysm of the Popliteal Artery
26 False Aneurysm of the Common Femoral Artery (Spontaneous Course)
27 False Aneurysm(Compression Therapy)
28 Stenosis at a Bypass Insertion Point
29 Stent Stenosis in the Superficial Femoral Artery (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty)
30 Bypass Rupture
31 Dissection of the Common Femoral Artery
Arteries of the Lower Leg and Foot
32 Stenosis of the Tibiofibular Trunk (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty)
33 Occlusions of the Lower Leg Arteries
Shoulder and Arm Arteries
34 Stenosis of the Brachial Artery
35 Occlusions of the Brachial Artery and Arteries of the Lower Arm (Neurovascular Compression Syndrome)
36 Occlusions of the Digital Arteries
Peripheral Veins
Thrombotic Processes
37 Iliac Vein Thrombosis
38 Thrombosis of the Femoral Vein
39 Partially Occluded Thrombosis of the Popliteal Vein
40 Thrombosis of the Iliac and Leg Veins (Spontaneous Palma-like Shunt)
Aneurysm
41 Aneurysm of a Great Saphenous Vein Bypass
Valvular Insufficiency
42 Varicosis of the Great Saphenous Vein
43 Insufficient Perforating Veins
Upper Extremities
44 Subclavian Vein Thrombosis
8 Glossary
Index