دانلود کتاب Veterinary histology of domestic mammals and birds : textbook and colour atlas

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Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Foreword Translator’s note About the companion website 1 The cell (cellula) Cell membrane (cytolemma, membrana cellularis) Cell membrane structure Lipid bilayer Membrane proteins Integral membrane proteins Peripheral membrane proteins Membrane polysaccharides Plasmalemma Cellular metabolism Mechanisms of substrate uptake Membrane transport Vesicular transport Endocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis Exocytosis Endosomal system Intracellular metabolism Cell matrix (cytosol) Lysosomes (lysosoma) Lysosome structure Peroxisomes (peroxisoma) Organelles of anabolism Ribosomes (ribosoma) Ribosome structure Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum endoplasmaticum) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum endoplasmaticum granulosum) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum endoplasmaticum nongranulosum) Organelles of protein modification and vesicular trafficking Golgi apparatus (complexus golgiensis) Membrane recycling Organelles of cellular respiration and energy production Mitochondria Number and distribution of mitochondria Cell contractility and motility Actin filaments (microfilaments) Microtubules Centriole (centriolum) Microtubule-organising centre (MTOC) Cilia Intermediate filaments Keratins (cytokeratins, tonofilaments) Vimentin and vimentin-like proteins Neurofilaments Lamin A and lamin B Exogenous and endogenous cellular inclusions Endogenous pigments Exogenous pigments Nucleus Number, size, shape and position Nuclear envelope (nucleolemma) Nucleoplasm (nucleoplasma) Chromatin (chromatinum) Euchromatin (euchromatinum) Heterochromatin (heterochromatinum) Nucleolus Cell growth and division Cell cycle Interphase Mitotic (M) phase: nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Endomitosis Amitosis Meiosis Meiosis I (reductional division) Meiosis II (equatorial division) Cell death Cell surface specialisations Apical surface specialisations Microvilli Cilia (kinocilia) Stereocilia Lateral surface specialisations Direct contacts Indirect contacts Zonula occludens (tight junction) Zonula adherens and desmosome (macula adherens) Gap junction (nexus) Basal surface specialisations Focal adhesions Hemidesmosomes Basement membrane (membrana basalis) Lamina lucida Lamina basalis Lamina fibroreticularis 2 Epithelial tissue (textus epithelialis) Histogenesis Classification Surface epithelium (epithelium superficiale) Single-layered epithelium (epithelium simplex) Simple squamous epithelium (epithelium simplex squamosum) Simple cuboidal epithelium (epithelium simplex cuboideum) Simple columnar epithelium (epithelium simplex columnare) Pseudostratified epithelium (epithelium pseudostratificatum) Multi-layered (stratified) epithelium (epithelium stratificatum) Stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium (epithelium stratificatum cuboideum/columnare) Stratified squamous epithelium (epithelium stratificatum squamosum) Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum) Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum) Transitional epithelium (epithelium transitionale) Glandular epithelium (epithelium glandulare) Endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae) Exocrine glands (glandulae exocrinae) Intra-epithelial glands (glandulae intraepitheliales) Extra-epithelial glands (glandulae exoepitheliales) Shape of the secretory unit Structure of the ducts Mode of secretion Chemical composition of the secretion 3 Connective and supportive tissues (textus connectivus) Structure of connective and supportive tissues Cells Resident cells Transient cells Intercellular matrix (substantia intercellularis) Connective tissue fibres Collagen fibres (fibra collagenosa) Reticular fibres (fibra reticularis) Elastic fibres (fibra elastica) Ground substance Types of connective tissue Embryonic connective tissue (textus connectivus embryonalis) Reticular connective tissue (textus connectivus reticularis) Lymphoreticular connective tissue (textus connectivus lymphoreticularis) Haemoreticular connective tissue (textus connectivus haemopoeticus) Adipose tissue (textus adiposus) Pluri- or multilocular adipose tissue (textus adiposus fuscus) Unilocular adipose tissue (textus adiposus albus) Connective tissue proper (textus connectivus collagenosus) Loose connective tissue (textus connectivus collagenosus laxus) Dense connective tissue (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) Dense irregular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Types of supportive tissue Cartilage (textus cartilagineus) Hyaline cartilage (cartilago hyalina) Elastic cartilage (cartilago elastica) Fibrocartilage (cartilago fibrosa) Bone (textus osseus) Bone cells Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblast (osteoblastus) Bone-lining cells Osteocyte (osteocytus) Osteoclast (osteoclastus) Bone matrix Organic component (collagen fibres and ground substance) Inorganic component (minerals) Types of bone Woven bone (os membranaceum reticulofibrosum) Lamellar bone (os membranaceum lamellosum) New bone formation (osteogenesis) Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification 4 Muscle tissue (textus muscularis) Smooth muscle (textus muscularis nonstriatus) Fine structure of smooth muscle cells (myocytus nonstriatus) Muscle contraction Striated muscle (textus muscularis striatus) Skeletal muscle (textus muscularis striatus skeletalis) Fine structure of skeletal muscle cells (myocytus striatus skeletalis) Sarcoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubular system Muscle contraction Fibre types Satellite cells Innervation Connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle Microvasculature Cardiac muscle (textus muscularis striatus cardiacus) Structure of cardiac muscle Fine structure of cardiac muscle (myocytus striatus cardiacus) Sarcoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum Impulse generation and conduction pathways 5 Nervous tissue (textus nervosus) Nerve cells (neuron, neurocytus) Classification of nerve cells Unipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Pseudo-unipolar neurons Multipolar neurons Neuronal structure Perikaryon Nerve cell processes Dendrites Axons Energy supply and axonal transport Synapse Structure of a chemical synapse Function of the chemical synapse Neuromuscular synapse (motor end plate) Nerve fibre (neurofibra) Myelinated nerve fibres Formation of the myelin sheath Myelination of peripheral nerve fibres Myelination of central nerve fibres Composition of the myelin sheath Unmyelinated nerve fibres Generation and conduction of nerve stimuli Nerves Nervous tissue investments Regeneration of nervous tissue Glial cells (neuroglia, gliocytus) Glial cells of the central nervous system Ependymal cells (ependymocytus) Astrocytes (astrocytus) Protoplasmic astrocytes (astrocytus protoplasmaticus) Fibrous astrocytes (astrocytus fibrosus) Oligodendrocytes (oligodendrocytus) Microglia (Hortega cells) Glial cells of the peripheral nervous system Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte) Satellite cell (amphicyte, gliocytus ganglii) 6 Circulatory system (systema cardiovasculare et Iymphovasculare) Cardiovascular system (systema cardiovasculare) Capillaries (vas capillare) Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Sinusoidal capillaries (vas capillare sinusoideum) Blood vessels Structure Innervation Nutritional blood supply Arteries (arteria) Elastic arteries (arteria elastotypica) Muscular arteries (arteria myotypica) Arterioles (arteriolae) Veins (vena) Venules (venula) Arteriovenous specialisations Heart (cor) The conducting system of the heart Lymph vessels (systema lymphovasculare) Lymph capillaries (vas lymphocapillare) Collecting ducts (vas lymphaticum myotypicum) Lymph heart of birds (cor lymphaticum) Lymphoreticular formations of birds 7 Blood and haemopoiesis (sanguis et haemocytopoesis) Formation of blood cells (haemopoiesis) Regulation of blood formation Bone marrow Blood cell differentiation Haemopoietic stem cells Progenitor cells Species variation Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Development of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) Erythrocytes White blood cells (leucocytes) Granulocytes (granulocytus) Development of white blood cells (granulopoiesis) Neutrophils (granulocytus neutrophilicus) Eosinophils (granulocytus eosinophilicus) Basophils (granulocytus basophilicus) Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Lymphocyte formation (lymphopoiesis) Lymphocyte morphology and function T lymphocytes (T cells) B lymphocytes Monocytes Development of monocytes (monocytopoiesis) Monocyte morphology and function Platelets (thrombocytes) Development of platelets (thrombopoiesis) Platelet structure and function Blood clot formation 8 Immune system and lymphatic organs (organa Iymphopoetica) Immune system Principles of adaptive immunity Cells of the adaptive immune response T cells CD4+ lymphocytes CD8+ lymphocytes B cells Immune response to antigens Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins MHC class I proteins MHC class II proteins MHC class III proteins Antigen-presenting cells Macrophages Non-follicular dendritic cells Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) B cells Elimination of antigens Lymphatic organs (organa lymphopoetica) Thymus Cortex Medulla Differentiation of T lymphocytes Thymic involution Bone marrow Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) Lymphoid follicles Tonsils and Peyer’s patches Lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici) Vessels and sinuses Species variation Spleen (lien) Structure of the spleen Splenic parenchyma and blood vessels Lymphatic organs of birds Lymph nodes Cloacal bursa (bursa cloacalis, bursa Fabricii) Spleen 9 Endocrine system (systema endocrinum) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system Hypothalamus Hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland) Adenohypophysis Pars distalis Chromophobic cells (endocrinocytus chromophobus) Chromophilic cells (endocrinocytus chromophilus) Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia Neurohypophysis Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) Species variation Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) Structure of the thyroid gland Follicular cells (endocrinocytus follicularis) C cells (cellula parafollicularis) Species variation Parathyroid gland (glandula parathyroidea) Adrenal gland (glandula suprarenalis) Species variation Adrenal cortex (cortex glandulae suprarenalis) Zona arcuata/glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae suprarenalis) Innervation Paraganglia Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans, insulae pancreaticae) Enteroendocrine system Additional endocrine cells 10 Digestive system (apparatus digestorius) Oral cavity (cavum oris) Lip (labium) Cheek (bucca) Palate (palatum) Hard palate (palatum durum) Soft palate (palatum molle, velum palatinum) Species variation Tongue (lingua) Species variation Lingual papillae Mechanical papillae Gustatory papillae Innervation and blood supply of the tongue Tooth (dens) Enamel (enamelum) Dentin (dentinum) Dental pulp (pulpa coronalis) Attachment apparatus of the teeth Cementum Periodontal ligament Alveolar bone Salivary glands (glandulae oris) Salivary gland structure Parotid salivary gland Mandibular salivary gland Sublingual salivary glands Species variation Pharynx Tubular digestive organs Structure of tubular digestive organs Tunica mucosa Tela submucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia Tunica serosa Oesophagus Species variation Stomach (gaster, ventriculus) Glandular stomach (pars glandularis) Cardiac glands Proper gastric (fundic) glands Isthmus Neck Body and fundus Pyloric glands (glandulae pyloricae) Gastric mucus Gastric juice Regulation of gastric juice production Ruminant forestomach Reticulum Rumen Omasum Omaso-abomasal junction Avian stomach Glandular stomach (proventriculus, pars glandularis) Muscular stomach (ventriculus, pars muscularis) Small intestine (intestinum tenue) Tunica mucosa Mucosal epithelium (epithelium mucosae) Enterocytes Goblet cells Endocrine cells Paneth cells Lamina propria mucosae Species variation Lamina muscularis mucosae Innate and adaptive protective mechanisms of the intestinal mucosa Tela submucosa Tunica muscularis and tunica serosa Distinguishing features of segments of the small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine (intestinum crassum) Tunica mucosa Tela submucosa Tunica muscularis Distinguishing features of segments of the large intestine Caecum Colon Rectum Anal canal (canalis analis) Avian intestine Cloaca Glands associated with the intestine Liver (hepar) Structure of the liver Vessels of the liver Liver lobule (lobulus hepaticus) Liver sinusoid (vas sinusoideum) Wall of sinusoid Kupffer cells (macrophagocyti stellati) Perisinusoidal space (spatium perisinusoideum) Ito cells Hepatocyte (hepatocytus) Bile ducts Species variation Gall bladder (vesica biliaris, vesica fellea) Pancreas Species variation 11 Respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius) Conducting airways Structure of the conducting airways Segments of the conducting airways Nasal cavity (cavum nasi) Nasal vestibule Species variation Respiratory region Olfactory region Species variation Paranasal sinuses (sinus paranasales) Vomeronasal organ (organum vomeronasale) Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Species variation Trachea Species variation Species variation Lung (pulmo) Bronchi Bronchioles (bronchioli veri, bronchioli terminales) Species variation Gas exchange interface Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs Alveoli (alveoli pulmonis) Blood–air barrier Bronchial system and gas exchange in birds Air sacs (sacci pneumatici, sacci aerophori) 12 Urinary system (organa urinaria) Kidney (ren) Macroscopic structure of the kidney Species variation Vascular supply and innervation Blood vessels Species variation Lymph vessels Nerves Microscopic structure of the nephron and collecting duct system Species variation Renal corpuscle (corpusculum renale) and ultrafiltration Species variation Species variation Capillary tuft (glomerulus) Endothelial cells Basement membrane (membrana basalis) Bowman’s capsule Visceral layer (podocytes, podocyti) Parietal layer and urinary space (lumen capsulae) Mesangium Glomerular filtration apparatus (blood–urine barrier) Tubules of the nephron Species variation Proximal convoluted tubule Species variation Proximal straight tubule Species variation Thin limb of loop of Henle Species variation Distal straight tubule and distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Juxtaglomerular apparatus (complexus juxtaglomerularis) Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Extraglomerular mesangial cells Interstitium Urinary passages Renal pelvis (pelvis renalis) Species variation Species variation Ureter Species variation Species variation Species variation Bladder (vesica urinaria) Species variation Urethra Female urethra Species variation Male urethra Species variation 13 Male reproductive system (organa genitalia masculina) Testis Stroma Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) Species variation Parenchyma Convoluted seminiferous tubules (tubuli seminiferi convoluti) Spermatogenic cells (cellulae spermatogenicae) Spermatogenesis Spermatocytogenesis Spermiogenesis Cyclic events of spermatogenesis Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells, epitheliocyti sustentantes) Functions of sustentacular cells Straight testicular tubules (tubuli seminiferi recti) Rete testis Ductuli efferentes testis Testis of birds Epididymis Epididymal duct (ductus epididymidis) Species variation Pampiniform plexus Epididymis of birds Ductus deferens Species variation Ductus deferens of birds Accessory glands (glandulae genitales accessoriae) Pars glandularis of the ductus deferens Vesicular glands (glandula vesicularis) Species variation Prostate gland (glandula prostatica) Species variation Bulbourethral gland (glandula bulbourethralis) Species variation Urethra Penis Species variation Prepuce (praeputium) Species variation Penis of birds Accessory structures of the phallus 14 Female reproductive system (organa genitalia feminina) Ovary (ovar, ovarium) Structure of the ovary Species variation Cortex (cortex ovarii, zona parenchymatosa) Ovarian follicle Primordial and primary follicles Secondary follicles Species variation Tertiary follicles Mature follicles Follicular atresia Ovulation Corpus luteum Formation of the corpus luteum Species variation Regression of the corpus luteum Medulla (medulla ovarii, zona vasculosa) Species variation Ovary of birds Oogenesis Uterine tube (tuba uterina) Structure of the uterine tube Tunica mucosa Tunica muscularis Tela subserosa and tunica serosa Uterus Structure of the uterus Endometrium Species variation Myometrium Perimetrium Cervix (cervix uteri) Species variation Vagina Structure of the vagina Tunica mucosa Species variation Tunica muscularis Tunica serosa and tunica adventitia Vulva Species variation Species variation Oestrous cycle Cyclic changes in the ovary Hormonal effects on the uterine tubes Cyclic changes in the uterus Oviduct of birds Structure Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Uterus Vagina 15 Common integument (integumentum commune) Structure of the skin Skin as a protective organ Epidermis Dermis (corium) Papillary layer (stratum papillare) Reticular layer (stratum reticulare) Hypodermis (subcutis) Skin glands (glandulae cutis) Sweat glands (glandulae sudoriferi) Sebaceous glands (glandulae sebaceae) Pigmentation Skin as an organ of thermoregulation Vessels of the skin Hair (pili) and hair follicles Hair structure Root sheath structure Epithelial root sheath Dermal root sheath Types of hair Sinus hair (pilus tactilis) Species variation Skin as a sensory organ Skin as an immunological barrier Skin modifications Mammary gland (udder, mamma, glandula mammaria) Structure of lactating mammary gland Alveoli (acini) Ducts (ductus lactiferi) Lactiferous sinus (sinus lactifer) Interstitium of the lactating mammary gland Structure of the quiescent mammary gland Hormonal regulation of the mammary gland Sructure of the teat (papilla mammae) Digital organs and horn Equine hoof (ungula) Ruminant and swine hoof (ungula) Claw (unguicula) Horn Skin of birds Featherless body regions Skin glands Feathered body regions Feathers Feather structure 16 Receptors and sense organs (organa sensuum) Exteroreceptors Free nerve endings Simple receptors Lamellar receptors Proprioceptors Golgi tendon organ Muscle spindle Enteroreceptors Gustatory organs (organa gustus) Taste buds Olfactory organs (organa olfactus) Eye (organum visus) Bulb (bulbus oculi) Structure Fibrous tunic (tunica fibrosa or externa bulbi) Sclera Cornea Species variation Species variation Vascular tunic (uvea, tunica vasculosa or media bulbi) Choroid (choroidea) Species variation Ciliary body (corpus ciliare) Species variation Iris Species variation Innervation of the iris and ciliary body Neural tunic (retina, tunica interna bulbi) Retinal pigment epithelium (stratum pigmentosum retinae) Neurosensory retina (stratum nervosum retinae) Nutritional support of the retina Neurosensory retina of birds Optic nerve (nervus opticus) Species variation Internal structures of the bulb Lens Species variation Vitreous body (corpus vitreum) Species variation Anterior and posterior chambers Species variation Accessory organs of the eye Eyelids (palpebrae) Upper and lower eyelids (palpebra superior et inferior) Species variation Tarsal plate (tarsus) Species variation Third eyelid (nictitating membrane, palpebra tertia) Species variation Lacrimal apparatus (apparatus lacrimalis) Species variation Ear (organum vestibulocochleare) External ear (auris externa) Pinna (auricle, auricula) External acoustic meatus (meatus acusticus externus) Tympanic membrane (membrana tympani) Species variation Middle ear (auris media) Species variation Internal ear (auris interna) Vestibular apparatus (pars statica labyrinthi, labyrinthus vestibularis) Sacculus and utriculus Semicircular ducts (ductus semicirculares) Auditory apparatus (pars auditiva labyrinthi, labyrinthus cochlearis) Cochlear duct (ductus cochlearis) Spiral organ (organum spirale, organ of Corti) Species variation 17 Nervous system (systema nervosum) Divisions of the nervous system Central nervous system (pars centralis, systema nervosum centrale) Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) Grey matter (substantia grisea) White matter (substantia alba) Cerebellum Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer Cerebrum Cerebral cortex (cortex cerebri) Cerebral white matter (corpus medullare cerebri) Peripheral nervous system (pars peripherica, systema nervosum periphericum) Sensory ganglia Autonomic ganglia Meninges Pachymeninx (dura mater) Leptomeninges Ventricles (ventriculi) Bibliography Index