دانلود کتاب Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing (The Textile Institute Book Series)

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Cover
Front-Matter_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clothing
Front Matter
Copyright_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clothing
Copyright
Contributors_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clothing
Contributors
Contents
Part One
Principles of waterproofing
and water repellency in textiles
1---Introduction-to-waterproof-and-wat_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-T
Introduction to waterproof and water repellent textiles
Introduction
Areas of application of waterproof and water repellent textiles
Clothing design specifics according to the end use
Conventional wet-weather clothing
Sport and leisure garments
Personal protective equipment
Home and outdoor textiles
Technical applications
Basic aspects regarding waterproof and water repellent textiles
Textile and water interaction mechanism
Water repellent textiles
Waterproof textiles
Inherent waterproof materials
Textile materials with waterproofing finishes
Coated waterproof textiles
Laminated waterproof textiles
Breathable-waterproof textiles
Multifunctional waterproof fabrics
Ecological issues regarding waterproof-breathable and water repellent fabrics
Conclusions
References
Further reading
2---Development-of-waterproof-breathabl_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-
Development of waterproof breathable coatings and laminates
Introduction
History of waterproof and breathable fabrics
Basics of waterproof breathable fabrics for comfort
Behaviour of waterproof breathable fabrics
Fabric wetting
Moisture transfer
Assessment of moisture transfer
Mechanism of moisture transfer
Properties of waterproof breathable fabrics
Classification of waterproof breathable fabrics
Waterproof breathable fabric structures
High-density woven porous structures
Microporous structures
Wet coagulation process
Thermo-coagulation
Foam coating
Solvent extraction
Solubilizing one component in the mixture
Radio frequency/ion/UV or E beam radiation
Melt-blown/hot melt technology
Point bonding technology
Mechanical fibrillation
Solid polymer structures
Bi-component structures
Smart waterproof breathable fabrics and biomimetics
Methods of developing waterproof breathable fabrics
High density wovens
Coatings for waterproof breathable fabrics
Laminates for waterproof breathable fabrics
Arrangements of layers at waterproof breathable clothing construction and review of commercial products
2 Layer construction
2.5 Layer construction
3 Layer construction
Review of Commercial Products
Conclusions and future trends
References
Further reading
3---Soil-repellency-and-stain-resistance-thr_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repel
Soil repellency and stain resistance through hydrophobic and oleophobic treatments
Introduction
Soil repellency and stain-resistance mechanism
Treatments to develop soil-repellent and stain-resistant textiles
Long chain and short chain fluorocarbon finishes
Dual-action stain-repellent and release fluorocarbon finishes
Dendrimers
Nanotechnology and nanostructured surfaces
Hydrophobins
Plasma treatments
Assessment of textile soil repellency and stain resistance
Future trends and challenges
Conclusion
References
4---Toxicological-and-environmental-issues-asso_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Re
Toxicological and environmental issues associated with waterproofing and water repellent formulations
Introduction
Properties of chemicals used in water repellents and waterproofing formulations
Historical usage of water repellents and waterproofing agents
Modern chemical classes used in water repellent and waterproofing agents
Toxicological and ecotoxicological concerns associated with chemicals in waterproofing and water repellent agents
Chemical hazard assessment
Hazards associated with fluorochemicals
Transition from long-chain to short-chain fluorinated polymers
Stockholm convention
Madrid statement
Helsingør statement
US EPA\'s PFOA Stewardship Program
Hazards associated with silicones
Hazards associated with hydrocarbons
Hazards associated with polyurethanes
Hazards associated with dendrimers and nanoparticles
Hazards associated with dendrimers
Hazards associated with nanoparticles
Chemical hazard assessment results for selected water repellents
Green chemistry: Developing safer waterproofing and water repellent agents
Developing inherently safer products
Steps to formulating inherently safer water repellent and waterproofing agents
Developing new classes of water repellent and waterproofing agents
Filling data gaps
Conclusion
References
5---Biomimetic-principles-for-design-of_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-
Biomimetic principles for design of water repellent surfaces
Introduction: Biomimetic design relevance to textile technology
Biomimetic principles in structural hydrophobicity
Brief overview of current industrial durable hydrophobic textile finishes
Opportunities for novel biomimetic industrial approaches to engineered textile hydrophobic micro-textures
Future applications
References, other sources of information
References
Further reading
Part Two
Types of water repellent
textile finishes
6---Finishing-of-textiles-with-fl_2014_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textil
Finishing of textiles with fluorocarbons
Introduction
Fluorochemical finishes
Techniques for the formation of fluorochemicals
Fluorochemical finish formulations
Mechanisms of repellency
Application methods for fluorochemical finishes
Other products
Effect of fluorochemical chain length
Evaluation
Toxicology and ecological considerations concerning PFCS
C6 and C4 chemistry
Recent development
Conclusion
References
Further reading
7---Silicone-based-water-repe_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-a
Silicone-based water repellents
Introduction
Characteristics of silicone water repellents
Methods of silicone applications for developing water repellent fabrics
Durable water repellents and silicone
Performance of silicone-treated water repellent fabrics
Environmental and health aspects of silicone water repellent
Review of commercial products and future trends
Conclusions
References
Further reading
8---Dendritic-molecules-and-their-use-in-wate_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repe
Dendritic molecules and their use in water repellency treatments of textile materials
Introduction
Historical background of dendritic molecules
Classification of dendritic molecules
Structure of dendrimers
Synthesis of dendrimers
Types of dendrimers
Achiral dendrimers
PAMAM
POPAM
POMAM
Polylysine dendrimers
Dendritic hydrocarbons
Carbon/oxygen-based (and Fréchet) dendrimers
Porphyrin-based dendrimers
Ionic dendrimers
Silicone-based dendrimers
Phosphorus-based dendrimers
Metallodendrimers (and Newkome dendrimers)
Chiral dendrimers
Properties of dendrimers
Solubility
Host-guest interaction
Molecular weight
Viscosity
Toxicity
The use of dendrimers in water repellency treatments of textile materials
Conclusion
References
9---Plasma-based-treatments-of-textile_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-T
Plasma-based treatments of textiles for water repellency
Plasma treatments
Thermal plasma
Nonthermal plasma
Plasma treatment for materials
Atmospheric plasma treatment
Corona plasma treatment
Dielectric barrier discharge plasma
Low pressure plasma
Glow discharge plasma
Surface modification with plasma
Physical
Etching
Chemical
Plasma enhanced vapour deposition
Plasma cleaning
Grafting
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials
Contact angle
Contact angle and hysteresis
Textiles and surface characterization
Water and oil repellency
Traditional hydrophobic treatments for textiles
Outline of problems associated with C8 fluorochemistry
Plasma treatment of textiles to confer hydrophobicity
Nanoparticle deposition via plasma treatment
Plasma treatment and fibre surface nano-roughness
Silicon chemistry in plasma
Multifunctional plasma treatments
Summary
Sources of further information and advice
References
10---Sol-gel-based-treatments-of-textil_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-
Sol-gel-based treatments of textiles for water repellence
Fundamentals of hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity
Sol-gel process
The influence of sol-gel processing parameters on the structure of resultant nanoparticles and nanoporous aerogels/ ...
Parameters in the hydrolysis of alkoxides
Molar ratio of solvent to the precursor
Molar ratio of precursor to water
Types and concentrations of acid and base catalysts
Parameters in gelation and ageing processes
Applications of sol-gel treatment on textiles for water repellence
Addition of nanoparticles in sol-gel coating of textile materials
Assistive technologies in sol-gel treatment of textile materials
Superhydrophobic sol-gel coating using single and combined precursors
Fabric coating with graphene
Summary
References
11---Superhydrophobicit_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clo
Superhydrophobicity
Introduction
Wetting theories
Young\'s model for flat surfaces
Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter theories applied to rough surfaces
Theories applied to surfaces with hierarchical roughness
Re-entrant model
Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces
Modification of surface energy
Wet process
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Formation of surface roughness
Inherent roughness of textile fabrics
Fabric roughness explained by the Wenzel model
Fabric roughness explained by the Cassie-Baxter model
Creation of surface roughness by bottom up approach
Electrospinning
Colloidal assembly
Layer-by-layer deposition (LBL)
Sol-gel process
Surface roughness by top down approach
Lithography and template
Plasma etching
Chemical etching
Characterization of superhydrophobicity
Static water contact angle
Contact angle hysteresis (CAH)
Sliding angle
Shedding angle
Bouncing of water drops
Self-cleaning property
Applications
Summary
References
Further reading
12---Designing-waterproof-and-water-repellent_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repe
Designing waterproof and water repellent clothing for wearer comfort-A paradigm shift
Introduction
The circular economy: Avoiding waste and damage
Design of waterproof and water repellent clothing within a circular economy
Policies and goals for designing sustainable waterproof clothing
The design concept
Sell, rent, resell and repair
Remake and alter
Recycle
Co-design
Specifying requirements
Comfort
Climatic conditions
The `expert consumer
Selection of materials
Tools to guide the selection of waterproof and sustainable materials
Testing materials for resistance to water penetration
Testing materials for thermal properties
Product ranges and the design brief
Designing layering systems
Wicking base layer
Insulating mid layer
Protective outer shell
Layering for specialist activities
Design of waterproof and water repellent clothing
Design realization
Design and assembly of features
General features
Activity specific features
Prototypes and fitting
Donning and doffing
Testing waterproof garment and garment systems
Laboratory testing
Rain room tests
Thermal tests
Field testing
Preparation for production, labelling and point of sale
Preparation for production
Labelling
Garment size and protection labelling
Point of sale
Looking ahead
References
Sources of further information
Further reading
13---Performance-evaluation-and-testing-_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent
Performance evaluation and testing of water repellent textiles
Introduction
Static test methods
Resistance of fabrics to water absorption: static immersion test
Water contact angle
Contact angle and hysteresis
Aqueous liquid repellency: water/alcohol solution test
Oil repellency: hydrocarbon resistance test
Suitability of static test methods
Dynamic test methods
Determination of resistance to surface wetting: spray test
Impact penetration test
Bundesmann rain-shower test
Hydrostatic head test
Suitability of dynamic test methods
Methods for assessing durability of performance
Laundering
Abrasion
Prolonged exposure to water
Wearer trials
Suitability of methods for assessing durability of performance
Assessing restoration of performance
Laundering
Application of heat
Reproofing products
Performance comparison of available types of water repellent textile finishes
Initial observations
Durability
Restoration of performance
Recent developments
References
14---Sportswear_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clothing
Sportswear
Introduction
Sportswear and its functional requirements
The growing market
Waterproof breathable and water repellent sportswear
Waterproof breathable sportswear
Water repellency
Comfort in sportswear
Layering system and soft shell
Designing requirements
Conclusion
References
15---Protective-clothin_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clo
Protective clothing
PPE: A strategic commodity of the market
Societal background
Market situation and forecast
European export of textiles and clothing
Lead market initiative
EU standards and legislation
Textiles and clothing legislation
Fluorocarbons and environmental issues
Greenpeace\'s DETOX campaign-Fluorocarbons and clothing
Repellent finishing systems; C8 Fluorocarbons alternatives
Innovative approaches
Novel short chain FCs
UV curable FCs
Hydrophobins
CNTs
Dendrimers and comb polymers
Sol-gel-based systems and nanolayers
Nanoparticles
Silicone-based innovations
Plasma
MLSE technology
Protective clothing with multi-barrier properties
Thermoregulation and moisture management-an integral part of PPE functional and physiological performance
Moisture management
Wicking effect
Soil release
PPE with thermoinsulating and thermoregulating effect
PPE for high-temperature environments
Heat stress and heat stroke
PCMs for PPE with smart thermoregulating properties
Functional fibres
Flame-retarded and moisture management fibres
Superabsorbents
Finishing systems for heat reduction textiles
Textiles for low-temperature environment
Multifunctional barriers
Liquid-tight and breathable laminates
Nanomembranes
Standards
Conclusions
References
Further reading
16---Healthcare-textile_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clo
Healthcare textiles
Introduction: Key applications in healthcare textiles
The impact of lifestyle choices and the ageing population on healthcare provision
Water repellent and waterproof healthcare textiles
Materials providing solely waterproof properties and their use
Materials offering barrier properties and their uses
Hospital clothing
Hospital bedding and curtains
Materials providing absorbance properties and their uses
Exploring specific properties in waterproof and repellent healthcare textiles
General properties and the theory of fluid dynamics
Repellence and barrier properties in hospital clothing
Repellence and requirements of internally used textiles
Finishes and materials with specialist features
Finishing of fibres and fabrics for waterproofness and water repellence
Multifunctional finishes to provide bacterial and fungal prevention
Reducing the rejection of implants (bio tolerance for regenerative medicine)
Future trends
References
Further reading
17---Military-applications--Development-of-su_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repe
Military applications: Development of superomniphobic coatings, textiles and surfaces
Introduction
Army needs
Omniphobic coatings
Hard surfaces
Textiles
C-8 (EPA banned) versus C-6 (environmentally friendly) chemistries
Commercially available products
Material concept
Hard surfaces
Textile surfaces
Fibre structures
Impact of surface chemistry, structures and polarity on liquid repellency
Surface chemistry
Fluorinated
Nonfluorinated
Molecular and morphological structures
Molecular structures
Surface roughness
Reentrant feature
Fabric structure
Woven
Nonwoven
Reentrant fibre structure
Performance goals
Order of importance for the US military
Testing standards outside the US
Test methods and assessment
Chemical agent repellency
Surface properties
Vertical wicking
Thermal comfort
Sweating guarded hot plate
Sweating manikin
Drying
Durability
Physical comfort
Limited field demonstration
Omniphobic coating technologies investigated
Fluorinated
Nonfluorinated
Benefits to military textiles
Selfcleaning clothing
Increased protection from low volatility agents
Increased protection from agents after POL contamination
Reduction of agent transfer hazard from a contaminated surface
Retaining flame resistance after POL exposure
Future civilian applications
Summary
Follow-up work and remaining challenges
Repelling organophosphates and representative CWA simulants
Durable one-sided repellency
Nonfluorinated omniphobicity
Multifunctional superomniphobic coatings and fibres
Aerosol and liquid repellent coatings
References
Further reading
18---Footwear_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clothing
Footwear
Introduction
Major raw materials and their constitution for shoe components
Shoe soles
Shoe insoles
Midsoles
Outsoles
Leather
Thermoplastics
Vulcanized rubbers
TPE and TPU
Liquid polyurethane systems (polyester systems and polyether systems)
Adhesives
Heel and toe counters
Upper shoe material processing and finishing
Manufacturing comfortable waterproof/water repellent shoes
Some recent developments
Microporous membrane
Polyurethane coating
Additional issues regarding shoe allergies
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Index_2018_Waterproof-and-Water-Repellent-Textiles-and-Clothing
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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