دانلود کتاب What Is the Argument?: An Introduction to Philosophical Argument and Analysis

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Contents
I Doing Philosophy
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 What Is Philosophy?
1.2 How Do We Do Philosophy?
1.3 Purpose and Structure of This Book
1.4 In-Class Exercise
1.5 Reading Questions
2 Types of Arguments
2.1 Vocabulary
2.2 Necessary versus Sufficient Conditions
2.3 Deductive versus Nondeductive Arguments
2.4 Forms of Valid and InvalidDeductive Arguments
2.5 A Priori versus A Posteriori Deductive Arguments
2.6 Types of Nondeductive Arguments: Induction, Argument by Analogy, and Abduction
2.7 Answers to Self-Assessment Exercises
2.8 In-Class Exercises
3 Argument Analysis and Diagramming
3.1 Visual Representations of Reasoning
3.2 Understanding and Representing Argument Structure
3.3 Interpreting Arguments to Create Diagrams
3.4 Diagramming Objections and Replies
3.5 Summary
3.6 Answers to Self-Assessment Exercises
3.7 In-Class Exercises
II Philosophy of Religion
4 Deductive Arguments for the Existence of God
4.1 St. Anselm, Proslogion
4.2 St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica
4.3 In-Class Exercises
5 Deductive Arguments against the Existence of God
5.1 Michael Martin, “Three Reasons for Nonbelief”
5.2 John Mackie, “Evil and Omnipotence”
5.3 In-Class Exercises
5.3 Reading Questions
6 Nondeductive Arguments for the Existence of God
6.1 David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
6.2 William Paley, Natural Theology
6.3 In-Class Exercises
6.4 Reading Questions
III Epistemology
7 The Definition of Knowledge
7.1 Plato, Theaetetus
7.2 Edmund L. Gettier, “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”
7.3 In-Class Exercises
7.4 Reading Questions
8 Justification and Certainty
8.1 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy
8.2 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
8.3 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
8.4 In-Class Exercises
8.5 Reading Questions
9 The Problem of Induction
9.1 Hans Reichenbach, Experience and Prediction
9.2 Karl Popper, “Science: Conjectures and Refutations”
9.3 Nelson Goodman, Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
9.4 In-Class Exercises
9.5 Reading Questions
IV Theory of Mind
10 Dualism
10.1 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy
10.2 Gilbert Ryle, “Descartes’ Myth”
10.3 In-Class Exercises
10.4 Reading Questions
11 Materialism
11.1 J. J. C. Smart, “Sensations and Brain Processes”
11.2 Jerry Fodor, “The Mind–Body Problem”
11.3 In-Class Exercises
11.4 Reading Questions
12 Antimaterialism
12.1 Thomas Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”
12.2 Frank Jackson, “Epiphenomenal Qualia”
12.3 Paul Churchland, “Knowing Qualia: A Reply to Jackson”
12.4 In-Class Exercises
12.5 Reading Questions
13 Consciousness
13.1 John Searle, “Can Computers Think?”
13.2 Dan Dennett, “Consciousness Imagined”
13.3 In-Class Exercises
13.4 Reading Questions
V Free Will and Determinism
14 Hard Determinism
14.1 Baron d’Holbach, “Of the System of Man’s Free Agency”
14.2 Galen Strawson, “The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility”
14.3 In-Class Exercises
14.4 Reading Questions
15 Compatibilism
15.1 David Hume, “Of Liberty and Necessity”
15.2 W. T. Stace, “The Problem of Free Will”
15.3 In-Class Exercises
15.4 Reading Questions
16 Libertarianism
16.1 Roderick M. Chisholm, “Human Freedom and the Self”
16.2 Peter van Inwagen, “The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom of the Will”
16.3 In-Class Exercises
16.4 Reading Questions
VI Ethics
17 Meta-ethics: Divine Command Theory
17.1 Plato, Euthyphro
17.2 James Rachels, “Does Morality Depend on Religion?”
17.3 In-Class Exercises
17.4 Reading Questions
18 Meta-ethics: Relativism
18.1 Ruth Benedict, “Anthropology and the Abnormal”
18.2 James Rachels, “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism”
18.3 In-Class Exercises
18.4 Reading Questions
19 Normative Ethics: Virtue Ethics, Egoism, and Contractarianism
19.1 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
19.2 James Rachels, “Egoism and Moral Skepticism”
19.3 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
19.4 In-Class Exercises
19.5 Reading Questions
20 Normative Ethics: Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics
20.1 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
20.2 John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism
20.3 Immanuel Kant, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals
20.4 In-Class Exercises
20.5 Reading Questions
Notes
Index