دانلود کتاب What Is The Argument? An Introduction To Philosophical Argument And Analysis

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Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Title - Full......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
I Doing Philosophy......Page 16
Preface......Page 10
1.1 What Is Philosophy?......Page 18
1.2 How Do We Do Philosophy?......Page 21
1.3 Purpose and Structure of This Book......Page 26
1.4 In-Class Exercise......Page 27
1.5 Reading Questions......Page 28
2 Types of Arguments......Page 30
2.1 Vocabulary......Page 31
2.2 Necessary versus Sufficient Conditions......Page 37
2.4 Forms of Valid and InvalidDeductive Arguments......Page 39
2.5 A Priori versus A Posteriori Deductive Arguments......Page 42
2.6 Types of Nondeductive Arguments: Induction, Argument by Analogy, and Abduction......Page 43
2.7 Answers to Self-Assessment Exercises......Page 44
2.8 In-Class Exercises......Page 45
3 Argument Analysis and Diagramming......Page 48
3.1 Visual Representations of Reasoning......Page 49
3.2 Understanding and Representing Argument Structure......Page 54
3.3 Interpreting Arguments to Create Diagrams......Page 66
3.4 Diagramming Objections and Replies......Page 74
3.5 Summary......Page 80
3.6 Answers to Self-Assessment Exercises......Page 81
3.7 In-Class Exercises......Page 87
II Philosophy of Religion......Page 100
4.1 St. Anselm, Proslogion......Page 108
4.2 St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica......Page 116
4.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 128
5.1 Michael Martin, “Three Reasons for Nonbelief”......Page 134
5.2 John Mackie, “Evil and Omnipotence”......Page 141
5.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 147
5.3 Reading Questions......Page 151
6.1 David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion......Page 152
6.2 William Paley, Natural Theology......Page 159
6.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 171
6.4 Reading Questions......Page 176
III Epistemology......Page 178
7.1 Plato, Theaetetus......Page 186
7.2 Edmund L. Gettier, “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”......Page 190
7.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 195
7.4 Reading Questions......Page 199
8.1 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy......Page 202
8.2 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding......Page 221
8.3 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding......Page 227
8.4 In-Class Exercises......Page 236
8.5 Reading Questions......Page 242
9.1 Hans Reichenbach, Experience and Prediction......Page 244
9.2 Karl Popper, “Science: Conjectures and Refutations”......Page 249
9.3 Nelson Goodman, Fact, Fiction, and Forecast......Page 256
9.4 In-Class Exercises......Page 262
9.5 Reading Questions......Page 267
IV Theory of Mind......Page 268
10.1 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy......Page 274
10.2 Gilbert Ryle, “Descartes’ Myth”......Page 282
10.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 288
10.4 Reading Questions......Page 290
11.1 J. J. C. Smart, “Sensations and Brain Processes”......Page 292
11.2 Jerry Fodor, “The Mind–Body Problem”......Page 296
11.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 298
11.4 Reading Questions......Page 303
12.1 Thomas Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”......Page 304
12.2 Frank Jackson, “Epiphenomenal Qualia”......Page 308
12.3 Paul Churchland, “Knowing Qualia: A Reply to Jackson”......Page 311
12.4 In-Class Exercises......Page 315
12.5 Reading Questions......Page 320
13.1 John Searle, “Can Computers Think?”......Page 322
13.2 Dan Dennett, “Consciousness Imagined”......Page 326
13.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 329
13.4 Reading Questions......Page 331
V Free Will and Determinism......Page 332
14.1 Baron d’Holbach, “Of the System of Man’s Free Agency”......Page 338
14.2 Galen Strawson, “The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility”......Page 343
14.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 348
14.4 Reading Questions......Page 351
15.1 David Hume, “Of Liberty and Necessity”......Page 352
15.2 W. T. Stace, “The Problem of Free Will”......Page 356
15.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 361
15.4 Reading Questions......Page 363
16.1 Roderick M. Chisholm, “Human Freedom and the Self”......Page 364
16.2 Peter van Inwagen, “The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom of the Will”......Page 369
16.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 375
16.4 Reading Questions......Page 378
VI Ethics......Page 380
17.1 Plato, Euthyphro......Page 388
17.2 James Rachels, “Does Morality Depend on Religion?”......Page 394
17.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 400
17.4 Reading Questions......Page 403
18.1 Ruth Benedict, “Anthropology and the Abnormal”......Page 404
18.2 James Rachels, “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism”......Page 408
18.3 In-Class Exercises......Page 412
18.4 Reading Questions......Page 414
19.1 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics......Page 416
19.2 James Rachels, “Egoism and Moral Skepticism”......Page 420
19.3 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan......Page 427
19.4 In-Class Exercises......Page 433
19.5 Reading Questions......Page 443
20.1 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation......Page 444
20.2 John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism......Page 450
20.3 Immanuel Kant, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals......Page 455
20.4 In-Class Exercises......Page 460
20.5 Reading Questions......Page 463
Notes......Page 466
Index......Page 472