دانلود کتاب Wildland Fire Behaviour: Dynamics, Principles and Proceses

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Cover Title Copyright FOREWORD CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS NOMENCLATURE 1 Introduction to wildfire science Fire science and the need for experiments Wildland fire science since 1900 Modelling and field-scale research The challenge of validation Outline of the book References 2 Fire and wildland fire behaviour The burning candle as a fire process Igniting and burning a candle Flame shape Flame size Candles and wildfires as coupled systems Wildfire behaviour triangle: fuels, weather, topography Wildfire classification Initial fire growth Line fire concept Wildfire behaviour Fire spread rate Fire shapes Fire area and perimeter Heat release and fireline intensity Flame length Fire characteristics chart Fire acceleration Summary Supplementary calculations Endnote References 3 Thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer Basic concepts, material properties and terminology Thermodynamics Fluid mechanics Boundary layers Vortex flows Ember lofting Heat transfer Conduction heat transfer Radiation heat transfer Convection heat transfer Combined heat transfer Summary Endnote References 4 Combustion Fuels Thermodynamics of combustion Combustion reactions Heat of combustion Flame temperatures Brief discussion of chemical kinetics Types of flames Premixed flames Non-premixedor diffusion flames Smouldering and glowing Summary Endnotes References 5 Ignition The ignition process Flaming ignition criteria Types of ignition Critical heat flux for ignition Predicting ignition times Factors that affect ignition time Live fuels Summary Endnotes References 6 The environment in wildfire dynamics Wildland fuel Fuel particles and fuel beds Fuel moisture Live fuels Implications for fuel characterisation and classification Weather Winds Solar radiation Topography Fire configurations Flame front width and shape Backing fires and flanking Multiple flame zones and air-flow interactions Summary References 7 Wildfire spread System behaviour Model framework Fuel particles Burning rate Flame radiation heat transfer Solid glowing radiation Ambient environment radiation heat transfer Convection heat transfer Model function Modelled fire spread and behaviour Simple fire spread dynamics Fuel particle heating and ignition Fuel loading Flame front width Effects of wind Non-steadywind Effects of slope Effects of dead fuel moisture Effects of fuel continuity Positive and negative feedbacks Model improvements Combustion Ignition Wind Flame zone orientation Heat transfer Crown fire Summary References 8 Behaviours of large fires Crown fire Spotting and spot fires Fire shapes and growth patterns Burn streets Plumes and pyroconvective atmospheric storms Vorticity Pulsating or puffing Fire whirls Counter-rotating vortex pairs and wake vortices Vorticity-driven lateral spread Mass fires Summary References 9 Measurements in fire behaviour Sampling and experimental design Fire measurements Combustion and heat release Fuel consumption Heat release Flame zone properties Heat transfer Radiation Convection Ignition Rate of spread One-dimensional spread rate Two-dimensional spread rate and fire growth Environmental measurements Fuel moisture Weather and wind Temperature Relative humidity Summary References 10 Ignition techniques for experimental burning Point ignition Single line ignition Heading fires Backing fires Flanking fires Other line ignitions Multiple line fires Strip head fire Flank fire Multiple spot ignitions Ring fire, centre fire, mass ignition Summary References 11 Conclusions Key principles and insights Principal value to researchers Principal value to managers APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS APPENDIX B: THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR INDEX