دانلود کتاب Women in the Ottoman Empire: A Social and Political History

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Cover Halftitle page Title page Copyright page Epigraph Contents List of figures Preface and acknowledgements A note on spelling and transliteration Map Timeline Introduction Women as agents: the struggle for survival, through family connections, work and charity Political aspects Agency and visibility Information and social contacts as preconditions for agency When to begin and when to end? Spaces and places Both indispensable and ‘treacherous’: the Ottoman qadi registers Feminist-inspired source criticism: how to deal with authors writing women out of the record The thrust of this book Prologue: a conspectus of Ottoman history as relevant to women The Ottoman–Safavid conflict, from the female perspective ‘Placing’ the sultan’s harem: the Old Palace, the Topkap ı Saray ı and the ‘old’ Çırağan Palace The valide sultan and the Chief Black Eunuch: the harem as a political centre A glimpse of ‘ordinary women’ in political and environmental crises Ottoman defensive modernization: a backdrop for changes in the lives of women Demographic engineering as a corollary of ‘defensive modernization’ The Balkan wars, the First World War, the Armenian massacres and the end of the empire 1 How women fitted into Ottoman history Periodization A long and complicated history: what were the consequences for women? In conclusion Part I 1500s to about 1700 2 The legal framework of family life Conditioning agency: the sharia and the sultan´s commands In the qadi’s court The status of free women in Islamic law: a few salient points on marriage Ottoman Syria and Egypt: the marriages and divorces of Muslims and Christians Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Sofia Jewish women, married and perhaps abandoned In conclusion 3 Dependent on work, investments and charity Protecting personal and family property Moneylending, other investments and craftwork Slaves Pious/charitable foundations: outside the sultan’s court Town and country: the charitable foundations of women in western Anatolia The charities of royal women The crimes of women as examples of non-agency In conclusion 4 Exceptionally talented, exceptionally active: women of distinction The marginality of literary women and the scarcity of female poets Competing for patrons: entering the race with a ball and a chain on her foot The protest of an ‘amateur’ female poet ‘I have always earned my living in this manner’31 A provincial mystic Anonymous but outspoken: a petition writer of the 1520s In conclusion Part II about 1700–1870s 5 Ottoman diversity: female agency and survival in Ottoman Syria and Egypt Viewed from Istanbul: vastly different urban societies Forms of women’s agency Marriage matters: family status, politics and perhaps the hope for some personal autonomy Family boundaries and endogamy within families and households Military households: from exceptions to widely emulated models A study in contrasts Back to the extraordinary power of Cairo’s magnate women: female agencies compared To conclude 6 Ottoman diversity: coping with relatives, the state and dependent capitalism Surviving social, economic and political changes in the Ottoman central lands Marriage and divorce in an age of growing institutionalization Providers of charity: the changing activities of royal women The donations of Izmir’s non-royal women Investors At work, but with major privileges: female poets and an artist-cum-entrepreneur Women’s work under incipient capitalism and an expanded money economy Girls as paid household help: exploitation, charity or something in between? Slaves within and outside the Ottoman palace ‘Falling through the cracks’: prostitution and crime In conclusion Part III 1870–1918 7 Female teachers, journalists and actors: education as a source of survival skills Becoming a teacher in the Darülmuallimat Teachers’ pay and curricula at the Darülmuallimat The views of former students Teacher training for Greek and Jewish women Special: missionary schools that appealed to some Muslims as well Despite poor pay: the benefi ts of teacher training From education to authorship Kadınlar Dünyası, feminism and nationalism: who can establish telephone connections? Female authors in Ottoman Syria On the stage in post-Tanzimat Istanbul In conclusion 8 Before 1912: surviving through family, work, and charity – and occasionally, turning to crime Marriage and its vicissitudes Divorce and relations between ex-spouses Polygamy and marriage to former slave girls Hoping to survive as a worker Persistent slavery Outside the law Dependent on charity Orphanages and missionary schooling: Armenian orphaned girls about 1900 In conclusion 9 In profound distress: struggling to survive the disintegration of the empire (1912–18) How the Ottomans entered the First World War The labours and tribulations of rural women Famine in Greater Syria and Lebanon Deportations Armenian women The miseries of refugees ‘Demographic engineering’ in a new key: attempts to recuperate the younger generation Seeking paid work to survive: the Banque Ottomane Paid work in a novel ambiance: the telephone exchange Making a living by nursing and midwifery Working for the army and the Association for the Employment of Muslim Women Ladies Bountiful and their clients in the Great War: women in organizations dispensing social aid Being active – or not – in welfare work State and private initiatives in tandem: shelter and training for homeless women and children In conclusion: tracing agency Conclusion In the late 1700s: more Istanbul women taking their problems to court Searching for early indicators of (limited) primary schooling for girls The impact of ‘defensive modernization’: increasing the number of surviving Muslim children Female refugees and deportees: the dark side of ‘defensive modernization’ Women’s agency: resembling that deployed by men Suggestions for further reading Multi-authored works reflecting the condition féminine, Ottoman style Non-elite women in the qadi’s court: making and unmaking marriages Privileged among working women: authors, journalists and educators Paid work as a means of keeping (barely) alive The labours of slave women Palace women and their charities The lives of female royals Charitable giving by non-royal women From charity to social aid: not always a successful transition Conclusion Glossary Notes Bibliography Index