دانلود کتاب World prehistory : a brief introduction

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
A Note on Chronologies and Measurements
Part I: Prehistory
Introduction: Archaeology and Prehistory
1 Introducing World Prehistory
Prologue
Why Are Human Prehistory and Archaeology Important?
“In the Beginning”
Mythic Heroes and Vanished Civilizations: The Curiosities of Pseudoarchaeology
Prehistory, Archaeology, and World Prehistory
Major Developments in Human Prehistory
Cyclical and Linear Time
Written Records, Oral History, and Archaeology
Studying World Prehistory
Culture
Culture History, Time and Space, and the Myth of the Ethnographic Present
Context
Time
Dating the Past
Space
Analogy and the Ethnographic Present
Cultural Process and Past Lifeways
Mechanisms of Culture Change
Culture as Adaptation
Multilinear Cultural Evolution
Site: Ancient War Casualties at Thebes, Egypt
Theory: Ancient Social Organization
Cultural Traditions and Cultural Change
Intangibles: Ideology and Interaction
Ideology and Beliefs
Interactions
Summary
Further Reading
Part II: The World of the First Humans
Introduction: Beginnings
2 Human Origins
Prologue
The Great Ice Age (from 2.58 Million to 12,000 Years Ago)
Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation
The Order Primates
Coming Down from the Trees
The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (from 7 to 1.5 Ma)
The Earliest Hominin?
Site: Potassium Argon Dating
Walking on Two Feet?
What Is Australopithecus?
From Ardipithecus to Australopithecus
All Kinds of Australopithecines (from 4.2 to 1.78 Ma)
Gracile Australopithecines: A. africanus
Robust Australopithecines: Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus boisei, and Paranthropus robustus
Australopithecus garhi
Early Homo (from ca. 2.4 to 1.6 Ma)
Who Was the First Human?
Site: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
The Earliest Human Toolmakers
Hunters or Scavengers?
The Earliest Human Mind
The Development of Language
The Earliest Social Organization
Summary
Further Reading
3 African Exodus
Prologue
Ice Age Background
Homo erectus in Africa (from ca. 1.9 to ca. 1.5 Ma)
Homo erectus in Southeast Asia (from ca. 1.8 Ma to possibly 30,000 Years Ago)
Hominins in Eurasia and Europe
The Lifeway of Homo erectus
Site: Schoningen, Germany
The Neanderthals (from ca. 400,000 to possibly 30,000 Years Ago)
Science: DNA and Archaeology
Early Homo sapiens (from ca. 300,000 to 15,000 Years ago)
Continuity, Replacement or something In-Between?
Molecular Biology and Our Origins
Ecology and Homo sapiens
Out of Africa
Summary
Further Reading
Part III: The Birth of the Modern World
Introduction: Moderns, Migrations, and Farmers
4 Diaspora
Prologue
The Late Ice Age World (from 50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (from ca. 45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Site: Exotic Islanders: Homo floresiensis
Science: Radiocarbon Dating
Late Ice Age Europe: The Cro-Magnons (from ca. 44,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Subsistence
Cro-Magnon Technology
Cro-Magnon Art
Site: Grotte de Chauvet, France
Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (from 45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
East Asia (from 35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Sinodonty and Sundadonty
Human Settlement of Northeast Siberia (before 25,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
The First Americans (before 15,000 Years Ago to 11,000 BC)
Site: Monte Verde, Chile
The Clovis People (from ca. 11,200 to 11,000 bc)
Summary
Further Reading
5 The Origins of Food Production
Prologue
Studying Ancient Climate Change
The Holocene (after 10,000 BC)
Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Social Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers
Theories of Farming Origins
Early Theories: Oases and Hilly Flanks
The Recovery Revolution
Science: Flotation and Botanical Remains
Science: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Radiocarbon Dating
Multicausal Theories
Population and Resources Theories
Ecological Theories
The Consequences of Food Production
Differing Dates and Their Explanation
Changes in Human Life
Nutrition and Early Food Production
Summary
Further Reading
6 The Earliest Farmers
Prologue
Domesticating Animals
Domesticating Wheat and Barley
Southwest Asian Farmers (from ca. 10,000 to 5000 BC)
Site: Men’s and Women’s Work at Abu Hureyra, Syria
Site: Ritual Buildings in Southeastern Turkey
Early Egyptian and African Farmers (Earlier than 7000 to 1000 BC)
European Farmers (from ca. 6500 to 3000 BC)
Science: Sustainability: Adapting to Climate Change at Çatalhöyük
Site: Easton Down and the Avebury Landscape, England
Early Agriculture in Asia (before 7000 to 3000 BC)
Rice Cultivation in Southern China
First Farmers in Northern China
Early American Agriculture (8000 BC onward)
Mesoamerica: Guilá Naquitz and Early Cultivation
Maize
Andean Farmers
Summary
Further Reading
7 Chiefs and Chiefdoms
Prologue
Reciprocity and “Big Men”
Chiefs and Navigators in the Pacific (from 2000 BC to Modern Times)
The American Southwest (from 300 bc to Modern Times)
Science: Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating)
Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Pueblo
Moundbuilders in Eastern North America (from 2000 bc to ad 1650)
Adena and Hopewell
The Mississippian Tradition
Site: Moundville, Alabama
Summary
Further Reading
Part IV: Early Civilizations
Introduction: Old World Civilizations
8 State-Organized Societies
Prologue
What Is a State-Organized Society?
Cities
Theories of the Origins of States
The “Urban Revolution”
Early Ecological Models
Technology and Trade
Science: Obsidian Sourcing
Warfare
Cultural Systems and Civilization
Environmental Change
Social Approaches: Power in Three Domains
Factionalism and Ideology
People as Agents of Change
The Collapse of Civilizations
Summary
Further Reading
9 Mesopotamia and the Eastern Mediterranean World
Prologue
Origins (from 5500 to 3000 BC)
Site: The Temple at Eridu, Iraq
The First Cities: Uruk
Writing and Metallurgy
Sumerian Civilization (ca. from 3100 to 2334 BC)
Voices: The Sumerians
Akkadians and Babylonians (from 2334 to 1650 BC)
Hittites and Sea Traders (from 1650 to 1200 BC)
The Hittites
Uluburun and Maritime Trade
Iron Technology
Minoans and Mycenaeans (from 1900 to 1200 BC)
Minoan Civilization (from 1900 to 1400 bc)
Mycenaean Civilization (from 1600 to 1200 bc)
Sea Peoples and Phoenicians (from 1200 to 800 BC)
Assyrians and Babylonians (from 1200 to 800 BC)
Summary
Further Reading
10 Egypt and Africa
Prologue
Predynastic Egypt: Ancient Monopoly (from 5000 to 3100 BC)
Science: Ancient Wine at Abydos
Dynastic Egyptian Civilization (from ca. 3000 to 30 BC)
Archaic Egypt and the “Great Culture” (from 3000 to 2575 BC)
Old Kingdom (from ca. 2575 to 2134 bc)
Site: The Step Pyramid at Saqqara
Science: Mummies and Mummification
Middle Kingdom (from 2040 to 1640 bc)
New Kingdom (from 1530 to 1075 bc)
Voices: The Warrior Ahmose, Son of Abana
Late Period (from 1070 to 30 bc)
Egypt and Afrocentrism
Nubia: The Land of Kush (from 3000 to 633 BC)
Meroe and Aksum
Meroe (from 593 bc to ad 330)
Aksum (from ad 100 to 1000)
Sub-Saharan Africa (from ca. 500 BC to CA. AD 1500)
West African Kingdoms (from ca. AD 800 to 1550)
Ghana (?AD 700 to CA. 1230)
Mali (from ca. ad 1230 to 1440)
Songhay (from ca. ad 1464 to 1550)
The East African Coast: Stone Towns and Islam (from First Century ad to 1498)
Gold and Ivory: Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe (from Late First Millennium ad until the Fifteenth Century)
Mapungubwe (from ad 1230 to 1600)
Great Zimbabwe (before ad 1250 to ca. 1450)
Summary
Further Reading
11 South, Southeast, and East Asia
Prologue
South Asia: The Indus Civilization (from ca. 2700 to 1700 BC)
Science: DNA and South Asian Civilization
Mature Indus Civilization
South Asia after the Indus Civilization (from 1700 to 180 BC)
The Origins of Chinese Civilization (from 2600 to 1100 BC)
Royal Capitals
Royal Burials
Bronzeworking
Shang Warriors
The War Lords (from 1100 to 221 BC)
Site: The Burial Complex of Emperor Shihuangdi
Southeast Asian Civilization (from AD 1 to 1500)
The Angkor State (from AD 802 to 1430)
Site: Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Science: Climate Fluctuations and the End of Angkor
Summary
Further Reading
Part V: Preindustrial States in the Americas
Introduction: Mesoamerican and Andean States
12 Lowland Mesoamerica
Prologue
Beginnings: Preclassic Peoples in the Lowlands (2000 BC to AD 300)
The Olmec (from 1500 to 500 BC)
The Origins of Maya Civilization (before 1000 BC to AD 300)
San Bartolo, Nakbé, and El Mirador (ca. 1000 to 300 BC)
Site: Maya Paintings at San Bartolo, Guatemala
Kingship and Glyphs
Maya Script
Political Cycles
Classic Maya Civilization (from AD 300 to 900)
Site: A Tragedy at Cerén, El Salvador
The Rise of Tikal and Uaxactún
Caracol and Calakmul
Palenque and Copán
The Classic Maya Collapse
Science: Climate Change and Maya Civilization
Science: Studying the Maya Collapse at Copán
Postclassic Maya Civilization (from AD 900 to 1517)
Summary
Further Reading
13 Highland Mesoamerica
Prologue
The Rise of Highland Civilization: The Valley of Oaxaca (from 2000 to 500 BC)
Monte Albán (from 500 BC to AD 750)
Valley of Mexico: Teotihuacán (from ca. 200 bc to AD 750)
Site: Life in Teotihuacán’s Barrios
The Toltecs (from AD 650 to 1200)
Aztec Civilization (from AD 1200 to 1521)
Tenochtitlán
Site: The Aztec Templo Major at Tenochtitlán
The World of the Fifth Sun
Voices: Aztec Thoughts on Human Existence
The Aztec State
The Spanish Conquest (from ad 1517 to 1521)
Summary
Further Reading
14 Andean Civilizations
Prologue
The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
Coastal Foundations (from 2600 to 900 BC)
The Early Horizon and Chavín de Huántar (from 900 to 200 BC)
The Initial Period
The Coast (after 1800 bc)
Lake Titicaca Basin: Chiripa and Pukara (from 1000 bc to ad 100)
The Moche State (from AD 100 to 800)
Site: The Moche Lords of Sipán
Science: El Niños and Andean Civilization
The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari (from AD 600 to 1000)
Tiwanaku
Wari
The Late Intermediate Period: Sicán and Chimu (from AD 700 to 1460)
The Late Horizon: The Inca State (from AD 1476 to 1534)
Site: Cuzco, the Inca Capital
The Spanish Conquest (from AD 1532 to 1534)
Summary
Further Reading
Epilogue
Glossary of Technical Terms
Glossary of Archaeological Sites and Cultural terms
References
Index