دانلود کتاب Biosecurity in animal production and veterinary medicine: from principles to practice

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Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 16
Preface......Page 26
CHAPTER 1 – Circles of Disease Transmission......Page 28
1 Introduction......Page 29
2 Common steps in transmission of infectious agents......Page 30
2.2 Incubation period......Page 34
2.3 Spread within the body......Page 35
2.4 Disease......Page 36
2.5 Exit......Page 37
3.1 Main routes......Page 38
3.2 Descriptive terms......Page 43
4 Factors affecting the spread of pathogens within populations......Page 49
4.1 The pathogen......Page 50
4.2 The host......Page 51
4.3 The environment......Page 53
5 Summary......Page 54
CHAPTER 2 – General principles of biosecurity in animal production and veterinary medicine......Page 64
2 Why is biosecurity important?......Page 65
3 Biosecurity and disease transmission......Page 66
4.1 Separation of high- and low-risk animals and environments......Page 67
4.3 Not all transmission routes are of equal importance......Page 68
4.5 Larger animal groups pose higher risks......Page 69
5.1 External biosecurity......Page 70
5.2 Internal biosecurity......Page 74
6 Conclusions......Page 76
CHAPTER 3 – Biosecurity and its relationship with health, production and antimicrobial use......Page 78
2 Biosecurity and health......Page 79
3 Biosecurity and production......Page 82
4 Biosecurity and antimicrobial use......Page 84
5 Economic impact of improved biosecurity......Page 88
6 Conclusions......Page 89
CHAPTER 4 – How to motivate farmers to implement biosecurity measures......Page 96
1 Introduction......Page 97
2 Principles of the Theory of Planned Behaviour......Page 98
3.1 Perceived risk of disease occurrence......Page 100
3.2 Perceived cost-effectiveness of biosecurity measures......Page 101
4 Subjective norm......Page 102
4.1 Perceived influence from governments and research institutions......Page 103
4.2 Perceived influence of veterinarians, farm advisors and peer farmers......Page 105
5 Perceived behavioural control......Page 106
5.1 Influence of the farm’s financial circumstances......Page 107
5.2 Feasibility of biosecurity measures......Page 108
6 Practical recommendations......Page 109
CHAPTER 5 – How to measure biosecurity and the hygiene status of farms......Page 116
2 How to measure on-farm biosecurity......Page 117
3 How to measure hygiene status......Page 122
3.1 Bacteriological monitoring......Page 123
3.3 Visual inspection......Page 125
3.4 Aspects to consider when monitoring the efficacy of C&D on farms......Page 127
4 Conclusion......Page 128
CHAPTER 6 – Cleaning and disinfection......Page 134
2.1 Cleaning and disinfection procedure......Page 135
2.2 Cleaning products......Page 140
2.3 Disinfectants......Page 143
2.4 Factors affecting efficacy of disinfectants......Page 150
2.5 Resistance to disinfectants......Page 153
3 Conclusion......Page 155
CHAPTER 7 – Hygienic aspects of air and decontamination of air......Page 160
2 Air as a disease transmission vector......Page 161
3 Aerosol size and physical capture and non-contact virus destruction considerations......Page 165
4 Methods and system design for aerosol capture......Page 170
5 Summary......Page 173
Acknowledgements......Page 174
CHAPTER 8 – Feed Hygiene......Page 178
2 Feed microbial ecology......Page 179
3.1 Overview......Page 180
3.2 Bacteriophage......Page 181
3.3 Fungi......Page 182
3.4 Bacteria......Page 183
4.1 Overview......Page 188
4.2 Thermal......Page 189
5.1 Overview......Page 190
5.3 Acids......Page 191
5.4 Aldehydes......Page 193
6.1 Overview and the Issue of Sampling......Page 194
6.2 Cultural Growth-Based Methods......Page 195
6.3 Molecular-Based Methods......Page 196
6.4 Indicator Organisms......Page 198
6.5 Future Detection Approaches – Feed Microbiome......Page 199
7 Feed Hygiene Management......Page 201
8 Conclusions......Page 204
CHAPTER 9 – Drinking Water Hygiene and Biosecurity......Page 212
1 Introduction......Page 213
2 Drinking Water Hygiene......Page 214
3 Significanc eof Water Hygiene in the Contemporary Animal Industry......Page 215
4 Chemistry of Drinking Water......Page 216
5 Impact of Contaminants on Water Intake and Physiology......Page 217
6 Biosecurity Aspect of Drinking Water Contaminants......Page 218
6.1 Mineral Chemical Contaminants......Page 219
6.2 Biologically Active Chemical Contaminants......Page 220
6.3 Immunomodulatory Compounds......Page 221
6.4 Antimicrobial Agents......Page 222
6.5 Biological Contaminants......Page 223
6.6 Significant Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Drinking Water......Page 226
7 Evaluating Drinking Water Safety......Page 228
7.1 Water Analyses......Page 229
8 Risk Associated with Drinking Water Contaminants......Page 231
9 Water Biosecurity and Risk Management......Page 233
10 Water Treatment......Page 234
10.1 Water Sanitation......Page 236
10.2 Practical Approach to Drinking Water Hygiene......Page 238
CHAPTER 10 – Promoting Biosecurity through Insect Management at Animal Facilities......Page 244
2 Damage caused by insects......Page 245
2.1 Insects and animal disease......Page 246
2.2 Insects and biosecurity......Page 247
2.3 Integrated pest management......Page 248
3 Insect pests of cattle......Page 250
3.1 Permanent ectoparasites......Page 251
3.2 Ticks......Page 252
3.3 Cattle grubs and screwworm flies......Page 253
3.4 Flies that develop in cattle faecal pats......Page 254
3.5 Flies that develop in fermenting organic matter......Page 256
3.6 Biting midges......Page 259
3.7 Biosecurity for cattle pests......Page 260
4.1 Permanent ectoparasites......Page 261
4.3 Sheep bot fly......Page 262
4.5 Biting midges......Page 263
5.1 Permanent ectoparasites......Page 264
5.2 Ticks and fleas......Page 265
5.3 Flies and mosquitoes......Page 266
6 Insect pests of horses......Page 267
6.3 Bot flies......Page 268
6.4 Flies and mosquitoes......Page 269
6.5 Biosecurity for horse facilities......Page 270
7.1 Permanent ectoparasites......Page 271
7.2 Nest parasites......Page 273
7.3 Insects that develop in poultry faeces and litter......Page 274
7.4 Biosecurity for poultry pests......Page 276
8 Conclusion......Page 277
CHAPTER 11 – Rodent control in animal production......Page 284
1 Introduction......Page 285
2 Rodents and the reasons for their success......Page 286
3 Monitoring: how to identify a rodent problem?......Page 287
4.1 Preventing the entrance of the rodents......Page 289
4.2 Control of rodents inside the animal houses......Page 290
5 When to control rodents......Page 293
6 Conclusions......Page 294
CHAPTER 12 – Transmission of pig diseases and biosecurity in pig production......Page 296
1 Introduction......Page 297
2 Review of pig disease transmission......Page 298
3.1 External Biosecurity......Page 303
3.2 Internal Biosecurity......Page 313
4 Conclusions......Page 320
CHAPTER 13 – Transmission of poultry diseases and biosecurity in poultry production......Page 330
1.1 Poultry production......Page 331
1.2 Disease transmission: horizontal and vertical......Page 332
2.1 Geographical location of the poultry farm......Page 334
2.2 Structural layout of the poultry farm and buildings......Page 335
2.3 Potential sources of infection and operational flow on the farm......Page 337
2.4 Cleaning and disinfection protocols for poultry......Page 340
2.5 Water quality in poultry houses......Page 341
3.1 Breeders......Page 342
3.2 Production farms: broilers......Page 343
3.3 Production farms: layers......Page 344
4.1 Hatchery management from egg to chick......Page 345
4.3 Hygiene and biosecurity in hatcheries......Page 347
CHAPTER 14 – Transmission of cattle diseases and biosecurity in cattle farms......Page 358
1 Introduction......Page 359
2 Outline of the cattle industry......Page 360
4 Biosecurity in cattle farms......Page 361
4.1 External biosecurity......Page 362
4.2 Internal biosecurity......Page 370
CHAPTER 15 – Biosecurity for Horse Facilities......Page 410
2 Biosecurity challenges in the equine industry......Page 411
3.1 Reducing exposure......Page 412
3.3 Increasing resistance......Page 413
4 Biosecurity considerations for equine facilities and personnel......Page 414
4.2 Quarantine......Page 415
4.4 Zoning......Page 417
4.6 Isolation......Page 419
4.7 Syndromic surveillance......Page 420
4.8 Active surveillance......Page 421
4.9 Event attendance procedures......Page 422
4.11 Cleaning and disinfection......Page 423
4.12 Surface materials......Page 425
4.13 Manure management......Page 426
4.14 Pasture management......Page 427
4.15 Transportation......Page 428
4.17 Auditing......Page 429
4.18 Communication......Page 430
CHAPTER 16 – Biosecurity measures for dog merchants and canine breeding kennels......Page 434
2 General Biosecurity Guidelines......Page 435
2.1 External biosecurity......Page 436
2.2 Internal biosecurity......Page 442
3 Conclusion......Page 449
CHAPTER 17 – Biosecurity in veterinary practices and clinics......Page 454
2 General principles of biosecurity applicable to veterinary clinics/practices......Page 455
3.1 Patient care......Page 463
3.2 Personal protection when handling the patient......Page 464
3.4 Equipment and materials......Page 465
4 How to implement biosecurity in a veterinary practice/clinic – case-study #2: horse with salmonellosis......Page 466
4.2 Personal protection......Page 467
4.4 Equipment and material......Page 469
6 Biosecurity and veterinary education......Page 470
7 Conclusion......Page 472
CHAPTER 18 – Biosecurity in Laboratory Animal Research Facilities......Page 476
1 Biosecurity & the lab animal holding facility......Page 477
2 Animal acquisition considerations......Page 479
3 Maintaining biosecurity in the facility......Page 480
4 Health monitoring programme considerations......Page 481
6 Biological material risk considerations......Page 484
7 Procedure-related hazards & hazard control......Page 486
8 Biosafety/Biocontainment levels & principles......Page 488
9 Human factors impacting biocontainment......Page 492
10 Animal biosecurity: preventive medicine and research biocontainment partnership......Page 494
CHAPTER 19 – Biosecurity in aquaculture: Practical veterinary Approaches for Aquatic animal disease Prevention, control, And potential Eradication......Page 498
1 Introduction......Page 499
1.1 Disease ‘Management’ vs. Disease Prevention, Control and Eradication......Page 500
2 The IAVBC Process Applied to Developing Biosecurity Plan on Individual Farms......Page 502
2.1 Teamwork in Developing and Implementing Biosecurity Programmes......Page 503
2.2 Identifying, Prioritising and Determining the Impact of Hazardous Diseases for the Biosecurity Plan......Page 506
3 Identifying, Prioritising and Mitigating Critical Points Where Disease can Enter or Leave an Epidemiological Unit......Page 508
4 Developing a Contingency Plan if Disease is Found......Page 510
5 Determining if Priority Diseases (Hazards) are Present using Clinical Evaluation and Diagnostic Tests......Page 512
6 Maintaining Biosecurity – Surveillance, Monitoring and Keeping Records......Page 514
7 Veterinary Auditing and Certification for Freedom from Disease and Achieving Government Recognition......Page 516
8 A Way Forward for Aquaculture to Meet International (OIE) and National Biosecurity Requirements......Page 517
Acknowledgements......Page 521