دانلود کتاب Cellulose: Development, Processing, and Applications

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
References
Chapter 2 A Brief Overview of the Use of Bamboo Biomass in the Asian Region\'s Energy Production
Introduction
The Benefits of Bamboo as a Potential Source of Biomass
An Analysis of the Viability of Bamboo Biomass as a Source of Energy
In Comparison with Other Forms of Renewable Energy
Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
Water Consumption
Accessibility
Land Usage
Restriction Imposed by Technology
In Comparison with Other Forms of Energy Crops
Methods for Extracting Energy From Bamboo\'s Biomass
Thermochemical Conversion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Direct Combustion
Biochemical Conversion
The Present Situation Regarding the Use of Bamboo Biomass for the Generation of Energy
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Vietnam
Japan
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Pre-Treatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches with Sea Water Improves the Qualities of Lignocellulose Biomass
Introduction
Oil Palm Biomass: Lignocellulosic Material Characteristics
Biomass Fractionation in Sea Water
Halophilic Enzymes Challenge Seawater-Based Biocatalysis in Biorefineries
Building Components in Lignocellulosic Biorefineries Based on Sea Water
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Biorefinery of Biofuel Production: Thermochemical and Biochemical Technologies From Renewable Resources
Introduction
Biofuel Feedstocks
Thermochemical Conversion
Pyrolysis
Slow Pyrolysis
Fast Pyrolysis
Flash Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis Technology
Vacuum Pyrolysis
Plasma Pyrolysis
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Gasification
Gasification Parameters
Effect of Feedstock Types
Effect of Temperature
Fischer–Tropsch Catalytic Reaction
Biochemical Conversion
Pretreatment
Physical Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Biofuel Production Via Biochemical Route
Bioethanol
Biobutanol
Biohydrogen
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 5 Review on the Current Updates on Palm Oil Industry and Its Biomass Recycling to Fertilizer in Malaysia
Introduction
Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia
Palm Oil Waste in Malaysia
Utilization of Palm Oil Waste
Conversion of Palm Oil Waste Into Fertilizer
Conclusion and Future Prospect
References
Chapter 6 Wastewater as Nutrient Enhancer and Moisturizer for Compost Production: A Review
Introduction
Methodology
Industrial Wastewater Characteristics
Nutrient Enhancer and Moisturizer in Composting
POME
Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW)
Alcohol/Molasses Distillery Wastewater (DSW)
Swine Wastewater
TL Wastewater
Monosodium Glutamate Wastewater (MSGW)
Summary of the Wastewater Application for Composting
Challenges and Future Perspectives
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Biocomposites as Structural Components in Various Applications
Introduction on Biocomposite
Natural Fiber as Reinforced in a Biocomposite
Modification of Natural Fiber Through Chemical Treatment
Biodegradable Polymer
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
Biocomposites as Structural Components in Various Applications
Structural Components in Automotive
Structural Components in Building and Construction
Structural Components in Furniture and Decorative Panels
Performances of Biocomposite
Manufacturing of Biocomposite
Compressing Molding
Extrusion
Injection Molding
Long Fiber Thermoplastic-Direct (LFT-D) Method
Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
Pultrusion
Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Natural Fiber Composites for Automotive Applications
Introduction
Classifications of Natural Fiber
Natural Fiber Composites
Reinforced Polymer Composites
Manufacturing Process
Compression Molding
Resin-Transfer Molding (RTM)
Extrusion
Injection Molding
Matrix Material
Thermoplastic Matrix
Thermosets Matrix
Applications in Automotive Industry
History
Advantages of Natural Fiber Composites in Automotive Industry
Market Demand and Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Cellulose Nanocrystals From Agro Residues as Reinforcing Agent in Nanocomposites
Introduction
Sustainability Factors
Cellulose Materials
Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs)
Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) Extraction
Oxidation
Enzymatic
Acid Hydrolysis
Cellulose Nanocrystals as Nanocomposites
Thermal Behavior of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 All-Cellulose Composites: Processing, Properties, and Applications
Introduction
Processing Routes
Impregnation
Partial Surface Dissolution
Applications
Composites
Packaging
Fibers and Filaments
Bioengineering and Biomedical Materials
Dye and Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents
Recycling, Sustainability, and Biodegradability
Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 11 Cellulose-Based Bioadhesive for Wood-Based Composite Applications
Introduction
Cellulose
Properties of Cellulose
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose
Chemical Properties of Cellulose
Thermal and Electrical Properties of Cellulose
Cellulose Modification for Adhesives Production
Cellulose-Based Adhesives for Wood-Based Composites
Dialdehyde Cellulose (DAC)
Methyl Cellulose
Cellulose Nanofibrils
Performance of Cellulose-Based Bioadhesive for Wood-Based Composites
Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Deriving Renewable Feedstock From Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production
Introduction
Biodegradable Polymer
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
VFA Generation
PHA Production Pathway
PHA Accumulating Microorganisms
PHA Applications
Latest Trends in Producing PHA From POME
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13 Recent Developments in Pre-Treatment and Nanocellulose Production From Lignocellulosic Materials
Introduction
Lignocellulosic Material
Classification of Lignocellulosic Raw Materials
Nanocellulose
Classification of Nanocellulose
Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC)
Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC)
Isolation of Nanocellulose
Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Raw Materials
Pre-Treatment of Cellulosic Material
Chemical Pre-Treatment
Alkaline Pre-Treatment
Biological Pre-Treatment
Enzyme-Assisted Hydrolysis
Physicochemical Pre-Treatment
Hydrothermolysis
Mechanical Treatment
Homogenization
Mechanical Homogenization
Chronological Events/Related Studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Characteristics of Cellulose Nanocrystals From Sugarcane Bagasse Isolated From Various Methods: A Review
Introduction
Bagasse Cellulose and Nanocellulose
Cellulose
Cellulose Nanocrystals
Cellulose Nanocrystals Isolation
Pretreatment Methods on Bagasse
Alkaline Treatment
Biological Treatment (Enzymatic Method)
The Isolation Method of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Chemical Treatment (Acid Hydrolysis)
TEMPO (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-Oxy)
Mechanical Treatment (High-Pressure Homogenization)
Mechanical Treatment (High-Intensity Ultrasonication)
Characterization of Bagasse Cellulose Nanocrystals
Yield
Morphology
Crystallinity Index
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Applications of Regenerated Cellulose Products
Introduction
Cellulose Insolubility, Dissolution, and Regeneration Process
Regenerated Cellulose Products
Hydrogel, Aerogel, Xerogel, Cryogel
Fibers
Membrane and Thin Films
Applications
Medical
Agricultural
Automotive
Aerospace
Textile
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 Developments and Applications of Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels in the Biomedical Field
Introduction
Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels: Structure and Properties
Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications
Drug Delivery
Tissue Engineering
Wound Dressing and Wound Healing
Biomonitoring and Biosensing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Overview of Cellulose Fiber as Materials for Paper Production
Introduction
Cellulose Fiber Sources
Wood
Non-Wood
Recycled Fiber
Rags
Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process in Paper Industry
Pulping Methodology
Mechanical Pulping
Chemi-Mechanical Pulping
Semi-Chemical Pulping
Chemical Pulping
Bio Pulping
Bleaching
Pulp Blending
Pulp Beating/Refining
Additives
Papermaking
Forming and Dewatering
Pressing
Drying
Calendering
Reeling and Winding
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Challenges and State of the Art of Allium Pulp Development for Papermaking: A Brief Review
Introduction
Allium Peels as Raw Pulp for Paper
Papermaking Technology
Prospective of Allium Peels as a Paper Pulp
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Application of Cellulose in Leather
Introduction
Leather Processing
Beamhouse
Tanning
Finishing
Tanning
Retanning
Finishing
Leather Solid Wastes
Application of Cellulose in Leather Processing
Cellulose in Tanning
Cellulose in Retanning
Cellulose in Finishing
Composites of Cellulose and Solid Leather Waste
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Utilization of Cellulose in Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
Forms of Cellulose
Modification of Cellulose
Overview
Types of Cellulose Modification
Dissolution of Cellulose
Allomorphic Modification
Derivation of Cellulose
Modified Cellulose for Effluent Treatment
The Challenge and Concern of Using Cellulose in Wastewater Treatment
References
Chapter 21 Comparing Properties and Potential of Pinewood, Dried Tofu, and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Pellet as Cat Litter
Introduction
Materials
Source of Biodegradable Cat Litter
Methods
Odor Recognition Test
Results and Discussion
Physical Properties
Adsorption Rate, Total Volume of Water Adsorption, and Hydration Capacities
Odor Sensory Test
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Index