دانلود کتاب Cervical spine : minimally invasive and open surgery

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Contents 1: Anatomy of the Cervical Spine Introduction Superior Cervical Spine Inferior Cervical Spine Cervical Spine Joints and Muscles Vessels Arteries Veins Lymphatics Innervation Vertebral Canal Topographic Organization Dissection Anatomy References 2: Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine Introduction Summary of Biomechanical Terms Used in the Text Basic Concepts Principles of Kinematics Functions of the Cervical Spine Occipitoatlantoaxial Complex (C0–C2) Biomechanically Relevant Anatomy Normal Kinematics C0–C1 Joint C1–C2 Joint C2–C3 Junction or Vertebroaxial Joint [33] Mid and Lower Cervical Spine (C3–C7) Biomechanically Relevant Anatomy and Kinematics Soft Tissues Ligaments and Joint Capsules Intervertebral Discs Muscles of Neck and Shoulders Normal Global Motion of the Cervical Spine Alignment, Sagittal Balance and ROM Disorders Neutral Zone and Cervical Spine Stability References 3: Diagnostic Imaging in the Degenerative Diseases of the Cervical Spine Introduction Basic Anatomy Cranio-Cervical Junction Subaxial Cervical Spine Technical Approach Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Basic Findings in the Degenerative Disease of the Cervical Spine The Disk Spondilosys Cervical Facet Arthropathy Ligament Degeneration Degenerative Cervical Spine Instability Phase of Functional Derangement Phase of Instability Phase of Fixity Cranio-Cervical Junction Degenerative Disease Imaging Subaxial Cervical Spine Degenerative Disease Cervical Disk Herniation Terminology Bulging Disk (Fig. 3.6) Cervical Herniation: Subtypes Cervical Herniation: Imaging Stenosis Imaging Specific Degenerative Diseases Rheumatoid Arthritis Imaging Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Syndrome Imaging Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Imaging Destructive Spondyloarthropathy of the Cervical Spine in Long-Term Hemodialyzed Patients Imaging Ossification of Flaval Ligaments Imaging Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Imaging Crowned Dens Syndrome Imaging Cranio Cervical Junction Pseudotumor Imaging References 4: Anesthesia and Perioperative Care in Cervical Spinal Surgery Anesthetic Management and Prevention of Complications Preoperative Assessment Airway Assessment Intraoperative Neurological Monitoring Patient Positioning and Related Complications Prophylaxis of Surgical Site Infection Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism Prevention Postoperative Pain Management PONV Prevention and Treatment Other Complications Postoperative Airway Compromise Dysphagia, Laryngeal Palsy and Aspiration Postoperative Delirium Intracranial Complications References 5: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Cervical Spine: Indication for Surgery Introduction Clinical Approach to Cervical Spine Pathology Spinal Cord Anatomy and Pathophysiology Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord Sensory Functions of the Spinal Cord Spondylotic Cervical Radiculopathy Pathophysiology of Spondylotic Cervical Radiculopathy Symptomatology of Spondylotic Cervical Radiculopathy Differential Diagnosis of Spondylotic Cervical Radiculopathy Differential Diagnosis of Radiculopathy and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Differential Diagnosis of Radiculopathy and Shoulder Pathology Differential Diagnosis of Radiculopathy and Parsonage Turner Syndrome Differential Diagnosis of Radiculopathy and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Cervical Myelopathy Symptoms Differential Diagnosis of CSM Chronic Neck Pain Cervical Spine Pathology: Neurophysiological Approach Neurophysiological Studies Electromyography EMG in Cervical Spine Pathology Acute Complete Injury of the Motor Root Partial Acute/Subacute Motor Radiculopathy Surgical Indications of Acute and Subacute Radiculopathy EMG in Chronic Active Motor Radiculopathy EMG in Elapsed Radiculopathy Limits of EMG Nerve Conduction Study Evoked Potentials SEP Anatomo-Physiological Premises for the SEP Study SEP in Cervical Radiculopathy SEP in Spinal Cord Injuries Contribution of SEP to Myelopathy Treatment MEP Instruments and Methods Contribution of SEP + MEP to Myelopathy Treatment References 6: Role of Radio Frequency for Cervical Facet Pain: Indication and Results Introduction Epidemiology and Clinical Features Anatomy of Facet Joints (FJs) Interventional Management Blocks Physical Neurolysis A: Principle B: Technique C: Adverse Events D: Results References 7: Biomechanical Approach to Stability of Intersomatic Implants in Cervical Spine Introduction Natural Vertebral Endplate Illustration of Endplate’s Sensitivity Natural Vertebral Disc Surgical Treatments Cages Basic Engineering Approach Complication Subsidence Comparison of Materials Conclusion References 8: Role of Materials in Cervical Spine Fusion Introduction Cervical Spine Devices Carbon Fiber Implants Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Titanium Tantalum Bone Graft Substitutes Autograft Allograft Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) Synthetic Bone Graft Substitutes Ceramics Beta Tricalcium Phosphate (βTCP) Hydroxyapatite (HA) Coralline Hydroxyapatite Calcium Sulfate Calcium Phospate Silicate Substituted Calcium Phosphate (Si-CaP) Bioactive Glass Ceramic (BGC) Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) Polymer-Based Bone Substitutes Factor and Cell-Based Approaches for Bone Graft Substitutes Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Synthetic Peptides Conclusion References 9: Endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery Introduction History of Spinal Endoscopy Terminology of the Endoscopic Cervical Spine Equipment and Techniques Selection of Surgical Approach and Surgical Technique Posterior Approaches Posterior Cervical Laminoforaminotomy (PCLF) Indications Contraindication Surgical Equipment for Full-Endoscopic PCLF Surgical Equipment for Tube-Based PCLF Surgical Technique for Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Laminoforaminotomy Clinical Success of EPCLF Possible Complications of EPCLF Reoperation Following Endoscopic PCLF Advantages of Endoscopic PCLF Compared to Open PCLF Microendoscopic Cervical Laminotomy and Hemilaminectomy Indications Contraindications Surgical Equipment for MECL Surgical Technique for Microendoscopic Cervical Laminotomy and Hemilaminectomy Clinical Success of MECL Possible Complications of MECL Advantages of MECL Compared to Open Cervical Laminotomy Anterior Approach Cervical Microendoscopic Discectomy and Fusion Indications Contraindications Surgical Equipment for MECDF Surgical Technique for Microendoscopic Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Clinical Success of MECDF Possible Complications of MECDF Advantages of MECDF Compared to Open ACDF Anterior Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy via Transdiscal or Transcorporeal Approach Indications Contraindication Surgical Equipment for APECD Surgical Technique of Anterior Transdiscal Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy Surgical Technique of Anterior Transcorporeal Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy Clinical Outcome of APECD Possible Complications of APECD Advantages of APECD Compared to Open ACDF Disadvantages of APECD Compared to Open ACDF References 10: Arthroplasty in the Cervical Spine Introduction History and Implant Design Indications for Use and Contraindications Clinical Studies BRYAN Disc ProDisc-C PRESTIGE Disc Complications Biomechanics Cost Analysis Conclusions References 11: Cervical Spine Fractures and Dislocations, Classification and Treatment Introduction Epidemiology Classification Systems Allen and Ferguson Classification Magerl’s Classification Subaxial Injury Classification (SLIC) AO Spine Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System Treatment Anterior Approach Posterior Approach Combined Approach Illustrative Cases Discussion References 12: Tissue Sparing Posterior Fixation as a Treatment Option for Degenerative Disc Disease Background on Cervical Spondylosis Posterior Microendoscopic Foraminotomy Decompression and Fusion Nicotine Use Advanced Age DTRAX System Indications and Contraindications EEA Market US Market Surgical Technique Operating Room and Patient Preparation C-Arm Preparation and Tips Skin Markings and Sterile Field Establish Trajectory and Access the Facet Joint Decorticate the Lateral Masses and Establish Working Channel Decorticate the Facet Joint Implant the Cervical Cage Deploy the Inferior Bone Screw (Cage-B and Cage-X Only) Deploy the Superior Bone Screw (Cage-X Only) Apply Bone Graft Material to Decortication Bed Sutures, Contralateral Procedure, and Final Patient Preparation Clinical Evidence for Decompression and Fusion When Using Posterior Cervical Stabilizers Biomechanical Performance of DTRAX Cervical Cages Alone and When Integrated with Anterior Constructs Conclusion References 13: Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion with Autologous Bone Graft Surgical Techniques Anesthesia and Positioning Incision and Soft Tissue Dissection Smith-Robinson Technique Cloward Technique Corpectomy Bony Reconstruction with Autograft Donor Site Complications Anterior Instrumentation After Autologous Bone Graft Conclusion References 14: Anterior Cervical Approaches: Decompression and Fusion with Cages Introduction Indications and Limits Patient’s Positioning and Draping Side Making Decision Anterior Cervical Approach Discectomy and Decompression Technique Implant Selection Locking Stand-Alone Cage Technique Post-operative Cares References 15: Axial Instability of Cervical Spine: Posterior Surgical Approach History Conservative Treatment Biomechanical Analysis of Surgical Treatments Posterior Wiring and Clamps C1–C2 Trans-articular Screw Technique C1 Lateral Mass Screws and C2 Pedicle Fixation Conclusion References 16: Lateral Mass Screw Fixation of the Subaxial Cervical Spine Background Introduction Surgical Techniques The LMS Techniques Approach to the Posterior Cervical Spine Roy-Camille Magerl An Anderson The TFS Technique Comparison of the Four LMS and the TFS Techniques LMS Techniques Safety of LMS Techniques TFS Technique Conclusions References 17: Craniocervical Anomalies: Chiari Malformation Introduction Definition Pathophysiology Signs and Symptoms Syringomyelia Surgical Treatment References 18: Endoscopic Endonasal Odontoidectomy Introduction Anterior Versus Posterior Approach Transoral Approach and Transnasal Approach Indications Feasibility of the Endoscopic Endonasal Odontoidectomy Nasopalatine Line Naso-Axial Line Hard-Palate Line Rhinopalatine Line Operative Tecnique Patient Positioning and Preparation Nasal Phase Nasopharynx Phase C1 Anterior Arch Preservation in Selected Cases Craniovertebral Junction Phase and Closure Posterior Fusion Series Presentation Postoperative Management References 19: Basilar Invagination and Atlanto-Axial Dislocation Treatment Algorithm for BI and AAD Transoral Approach Preoperative Assessment, Anesthesiologic Considerations and Positioning Incision and Soft Tissue Dissection Transoral Atlas-Sparing Technique Transoral Trans-atlas Technique Postoperative Management Postoperative Complications and Their Avoidance Conclusion References 20: Cervical Spine Tumors Introduction Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Epidemiology Genetic Factors Neurofibromatosis Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Clinical Presentation Histology and Clinical-Radiologic Correlation Ependymomas Astrocytomas Hemangioblastomas Germ Cell Tumors Intramedullary Metastases Diagnosis Treatment Surgery Adjuvant Therapies Radiosurgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Intradural Extramedullary Cervical Spine Tumors Meningiomas Nerve Sheath Tumors Surgical Technique Illustrative Cases Case 1 Case 2: Intradural Spinal Meningioma References 21: Neck Pain Rehabilitation Neck Pain Definition Epidemiology Functional Anatomy Etiology Classification Clinical Evaluation Red Flags Diagnostic Imaging Prognosis Therapy Medical Therapy Rehabilitation Treatment Therapeutic Exercise Manual Therapy Stretching Proprioceptive Exercise Physical Therapy References Index