دانلود کتاب Chandra X-ray Observatory: Exploring the High Energy Universe

فهرست مطالب :

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Reference
Contributors biographies
Harvey Tananbaum
Martin Weisskopf
Wallace Tucker
Belinda Wilkes
Raffaele D’Abrusco
Rafael Martínez-Galarza
Jeremy Drake
Patrick Slane
Michael Nowak
Dominic Walton
Giuseppina Fabbiano
Aneta Siemiginowska
Francesca Civano
Paul Nulsen
Brian McNamara
Steven Allen
Adam Mantz
CH000.pdf
Outline placeholder
The Early Years (1976–1981)
Technology Development, Mission Studies, Selection of Science Instruments and Prime Contractor (1981–1989)
Politics, a Breakthrough Accomplishment, and a New Mission Configuration (1983–1992)
Building and Preparing to Launch AXAF (1990–1999)
Launch and First Light (July–August 1999)
References
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Exploring the High-energy Universe
1.2 The Chandra X-ray Observatory
1.3 Mechanisms for the Production and Absorption of X-Rays in a Cosmic Setting
1.4 Stars, Planets, and Solar System Objects
1.5 Supernovae and Their Remnants
1.6 X-Ray Binaries
1.7 X-Rays from Galaxies
1.8 Supermassive Black Holes and Active Galactic Nuclei
1.9 Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
1.10 Galaxy Cluster Cosmology
1.11 Future Missions
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Chandra11http://cxc.harvard.edu X-ray Observatory Overview
2.1 Description of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory “(Chandra)”
2.1.1 Launch and Orbit
2.1.2 The Spacecraft
2.1.3 High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA)
2.1.4 The Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer, ACIS
2.1.5 The High Resolution Camera, HRC
2.1.6 Transmission Gratings: HETG, LETG
2.1.7 Anticipated Lifetime
2.2 Chandra Operations
2.2.1 The Chandra X-Ray Center (CXC)
2.2.2 Operations Control Center (OCC)
2.2.3 The Chandra Task Thread
2.2.4 The Observing Program
2.2.5 Standard Data Processing (SDP)
2.2.6 Data Analysis Software (CIAO)
2.3 Archives and Science
2.3.1 The Chandra Data Archive
2.3.2 The Chandra Bibliography
2.3.3 Access to Chandra Data
2.3.4 The Legacy of the CDA
2.4 The Chandra Source Catalog
2.4.1 A Catalog with Value to All Astronomers
2.4.2 Description of the Catalog
2.4.3 Enabling Science with the Chandra Source Catalog
2.5 Chandra’s Impact on Astronomy
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Mechanisms for the Production and Absorption of Cosmic X-Rays
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classical Radiation Processes
3.2.1 Electromagnetic Waves
3.2.2 Classical Dipole Radiation
3.2.3 Radiation from a Relativistic Charged Particle
3.3 Cyclotron and Synchrotron Radiation
3.3.1 Cyclotron Radiation
3.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation
3.4 Brief Introduction to Quantum Radiation Processes
3.4.1 Energy and Momentum of a Photon
3.4.2 Blackbody Radiation
3.4.3 The Schrödinger Equation and Fermi’s Golden Rule
3.4.4 Absorption and Emission Probabilities
3.4.5 Quantum-mechanical Dipole Approximation
3.5 Scattering of Radiation by Free Electrons
3.5.1 Kinematics of Compton Scattering
3.5.2 Thomson Scattering
3.5.3 Radiation Pressure and the Eddington Limit
3.5.4 Compton Energy Exchange in a Hot Plasma
3.5.5 Compton Scattering by Relativistic Electrons
3.6 Bremsstrahlung
3.7 Radiative Recombination
3.8 X-Ray Line Emission
3.8.1 Timescales and Assumptions
3.8.2 Line Emission Following Collisional Excitation
3.8.3 Ionization Equilibrium and Spectrum of a Hot Plasma
3.8.4 Line Broadening
3.8.5 Charge Exchange
3.9 Photoionization and X-Ray Absorption
3.9.1 Photoionization
3.9.2 Photoionization Equilibrium
3.9.3 Absorption Lines
3.9.4 K-fluorescence Lines
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 X-Rays from Stars and Planetary Systems
4.1 X-Rays from Solar System Bodies
4.1.1 X-Ray Emission Mechanisms in Solar System Bodies
4.1.2 Terrestrial Planets
4.1.3 The Gas Giants
4.1.4 Minor Planets and Comets
4.2 X-Rays from Low-mass Stars
4.2.1 Properties of Stellar Coronal Emission
4.2.2 The Rotation-powered Magnetic Dynamo
4.2.3 Inference of Coronal Structure from Density Diagnostics
4.2.4 Magnetic Reconnection Flares
4.2.5 Stellar Coronal Chemical Compositions
4.2.6 The End of the Main Sequence and Beyond
4.2.7 Young Stars, Protostars, Disks, and Jets
4.3 X-Ray Studies of Exoplanet Systems
4.3.1 X-Ray Induced Atmospheric Loss
4.3.2 Star–Planet Interaction?
4.3.3 X-Rays as Probes of Exoplanet Atmospheres
4.4 X-Rays from High-mass Stars
4.4.1 Universality of the LX–Lbol Relation
4.4.2 Colliding Winds
4.4.3 The Role of Magnetism
4.4.4 The Weak Winds Problem
4.4.5 The Mysterious X-Rays from Cepheid Variables
4.5 Intermediate-mass Stars
4.6 White Dwarfs and White Dwarf Binary Systems
4.6.1 White Dwarf Birth in Planetary Nebulae
4.6.2 Photospheric Emission
4.6.3 Cataclysmic Variables and Nova Explosions
4.7 Epilogue
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Supernovae and Their Remnants
5.1 Supernovae
5.1.1 Supernova Types
5.1.2 Progenitors and Circumstellar Environments
5.1.3 Supernova 1987A
5.2 Supernova Remnants
5.2.1 Properties of SNR Shocks
5.2.2 SNR Structure
5.2.3 SNR Ejecta and Constraints on Progenitors
5.2.4 Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in SNRs
5.3 Pulsar Wind Nebulae
5.3.1 Pulsars
5.3.2 Pulsar Wind Structure
5.3.3 PWN Evolution
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 X-Ray Binaries
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 X-Ray Binaries at the Extremes of Flux
6.2 X-Ray Binaries in Quiescence
6.2.1 Black Hole Candidates versus Neutron Stars
6.2.2 Jet and Advection-dominated States of Black Hole Candidates
6.2.3 Quiescent and Cooling Neutron Stars
6.2.4 Transitional Neutron Star Systems
6.3 X-Ray Binaries in Action
6.3.1 Probes of the Inner, Relativistic Accretion Flow
6.3.2 Outer Disk Structure
6.3.3 Wind Structure, Driving Mechanisms, and Transitions to Jet-dominated States
6.4 Circumbinary and Interstellar Medium
6.4.1 Probes of Stellar Wind Structure
6.4.2 Interstellar Medium
6.4.3 Dust-scattering Halos
6.5 Extreme Physics Systems
6.5.1 Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
6.5.2 Multimessenger Systems—GW 170817
6.6 Summary
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 X-Rays from Galaxies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 X-Ray Binary Populations
7.2.1 The XRB X-Ray Luminosity Functions and Scaling Laws in the Near Universe
7.2.2 The Redshift Evolution of the XRB Emission
7.2.3 The Spatial Distributions of the XRBs
7.3 Hot ISM and Halos
7.3.1 The Hot ISM of Star-forming Galaxies and Mergers
7.3.2 The Hot ISM of Early-type (Elliptical and S0) Galaxies
7.3.3 Scaling Relations of ETGs
7.3.4 Constraints on the Binding Mass of ETGs
7.3.5 Metal Abundances of the Hot Halos of ETGs
7.3.6 ETGs at Higher Redshift
7.4 Nuclear BHs and AGNs
7.4.1 Hidden AGNs in Normal Galaxies
7.4.2 AGNs in Merging Galaxies
7.5 AGN–Galaxy Interaction in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
7.5.1 Methods
7.5.2 The Soft (E < 2.5 keV) X-Ray Emission of AGN Photoionization Cones and Soft X-Ray Constraints on AGN Feedback
7.5.3 A Chandra Surprise: The Extended Hard and Fe Kα Emission of AGNs
7.5.4 Imaging the Obscuring Torus
7.5.5 Is the Torus Porous?
7.6 Looking Forward
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Supermassive Black Holes (Active Galactic Nuclei)
8.1 Observing SMBHs
8.2 Accretion Flow onto SMBH
8.2.1 Modes of Accretion
8.2.2 Bondi Radius and Inflow Rates
8.2.3 SMBH in the Galactic Center
8.2.4 Quasars and the Eddington limit
8.3 SMBH Formation and Growth
8.4 AGN Structure
8.4.1 Variability and X-Ray Reverberation
8.4.2 Microlensing
8.4.3 Imaging of the Torus and X-Ray-scattering Region
8.4.4 Resolving Layers of Ionized Gas with High-resolution X-Ray Spectra
8.5 Jets and Extended Radio Structures
8.5.1 Resolving X-Ray Jets—Knots and Hotspots
8.5.2 Jet X-Ray Radiation Processes
8.5.3 Variability and Proper Motions of Resolved X-Ray Jets
8.5.4 The Impact of Jets on the ISM
8.6 Finding Supermassive Black Holes in X-Ray Surveys
8.6.1 X-Ray Surveys Overview
8.6.2 Populations Studies: The Discoveries in X-Ray Surveys
8.6.3 SMBH and Host Galaxy Coevolution
8.6.4 X-Ray Luminosity Function
8.6.5 Probing Lower-luminosity Populations with Stacking Analysis
8.6.6 The High-rdshift Universe as Seen in Surveys
8.6.7 Resolving the Cosmic X-Ray Background
8.7 Final Remarks
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Properties of Clusters and the ICM
9.3 AGN Feedback in Groups and Clusters
9.3.1 The Need for Feedback
9.3.2 The Case for Feedback
9.3.3 Cavity Calorimetry
9.3.4 AGN Shocks
9.3.5 Feeding the AGN
9.3.6 AGN Heating
9.3.7 Growth of Cool Cores
9.3.8 Synopsis
9.4 Atmospheric Dynamics
9.4.1 Merger Cold Fronts
9.4.2 Sloshing Cold Fronts
9.4.3 Merger Shocks
9.4.4 Turbulence in the ICM
9.4.5 Large-scale Abundance Distribution
9.4.6 Galaxy Stripping
9.5 The Future
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Galaxy Cluster Cosmology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cosmology with the fgas Test
10.3 Cosmology with Cluster Number Counts
10.4 Dark Matter
10.4.1 Constraints on Dark Matter from Merging Clusters
10.4.2 Constraints on Dark Matter from Dynamically Relaxed Clusters
10.4.3 Constraints on Dark Matter from X-Ray Spectral-line Searches
10.5 Measurements of the Hubble Constant
10.6 Other Fundamental Physics
10.6.1 Gravity
10.6.2 Neutrinos
10.6.3 Inflation
10.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Future X-Ray Missions
11.1 Approved Missions
11.1.1 Spektr-RG/SRG
11.1.2 The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission
11.1.3 The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer
11.1.4 The Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (Athena)
11.2 Possible Future US-based X-Ray Missions
11.2.1 The Lynx X-Ray Observatory
11.2.2 Arcus
11.2.3 Advanced X-Ray Imaging Satellite
11.2.4 The High-Energy X-Ray Probe
11.2.5 The Spectroscopic Time-Resolving Observatory for Broadband Energy X-Rays
References