دانلود کتاب Encyclopedia of Social Measurement (F-O)

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Editorial Advisory Board......Page 2
Organizational Psychology, Pages 957-963, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko and Stephen Stark.pdf......Page 0
Editor Biography......Page 3
Executive Advisory Board......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Introduction......Page 9
Estimating the Model Parameters......Page 10
Principal-Axis Factor Analysis......Page 11
Rotating Factors to Simple Structure......Page 12
Example......Page 13
Further Reading......Page 15
Glossary......Page 17
Problems with Induction......Page 18
Problems with Falsification......Page 19
Alternative Methods......Page 20
See Also the Following Articles......Page 21
Further Reading......Page 22
U.S. Fiscal Federalism Data......Page 23
Government Organization......Page 24
International Data Sources......Page 25
Further Reading......Page 26
Controlled Comparison......Page 27
Recent Examples of Field Experiments in Social Science......Page 28
Advantages over Nonexperimental Research......Page 29
Field Experimentation in Practice......Page 30
Sampling......Page 31
Further Reading......Page 32
Introduction......Page 33
Fieldwork Roles and Field Relations......Page 34
Researcher Attributes/Characteristics and Field Relations......Page 35
Strategies to Facilitate Relational Access and the Development of Rapport/Trust......Page 36
Further Reading......Page 37
Historical Roots of Field Studies......Page 38
Accessing Observational Sites......Page 39
Sampling......Page 41
Data Analysis......Page 42
Further Reading......Page 43
Biography and Honors......Page 45
Fisher as Statistician......Page 46
Fisher as Geneticist......Page 48
Further Reading......Page 49
Problems of Causal Inference with Nonexperimental Data......Page 50
Fixed-Effects Models asa Partial Solution......Page 51
Dichotomous and Categorical Outcomes......Page 52
The Dummy Variable and Difference Estimators......Page 53
Effects of Families and Other Groupings......Page 54
Further Reading......Page 55
Introduction......Page 56
Development-Oriented Uses of Focus Groups......Page 57
Additional Advantages of Preliminary Focus Groups......Page 58
Interview Structure......Page 59
Practical Concerns in Using Preliminary Focus Groups......Page 60
Further Reading......Page 61
Structure of the Unfolding Response Process......Page 63
A Framework of Dichotomous Probabilistic Models for the Unfolding Response......Page 65
Rating Formulation......Page 67
The PARELLA Model for Polytomous Responses......Page 68
When an Unfolding Model Should Be Used......Page 69
Further Reading......Page 70
Counting and Measuring......Page 72
The Normal Distribution......Page 73
Correlation......Page 75
Natural Inheritance and the Birth of Biometrics......Page 76
Further Reading......Page 77
Overview......Page 78
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders......Page 79
The 1994 DSM-IV Problem-Gambling Criteria......Page 80
Comparison of the NODS and CPGI......Page 81
Meta-analysis......Page 82
Qualitative Research Methodology in Gambling Studies......Page 83
Cultural Studies......Page 84
Public Policy Analyses......Page 85
Further Reading......Page 86
Why Game Theory?......Page 88
Classification of Games......Page 89
Pure and Mixed Strategies......Page 90
Monitoring a Franchisee (Inspection Problem)......Page 91
Subgame Perfection......Page 92
Incomplete and Asymmetric Information......Page 93
Perfect Bayesian Nash Equilibrium......Page 94
The Revelation Principle......Page 95
Second-Price Auction......Page 96
Retail Advertising and Pricing Practice......Page 97
Folk Theorem......Page 98
Further Reading......Page 99
Generalizability Studies......Page 101
Measurement Error for Relative Decisions......Page 102
Random and Fixed Facets......Page 103
Numerical Example......Page 104
Issues in the Estimation of Variance Components......Page 105
Further Reading......Page 106
Introduction......Page 108
Representation......Page 109
Measuring Location......Page 110
Street Addresses and Place Names......Page 111
Transformation......Page 112
Issues......Page 113
Further Reading......Page 114
Introduction and Background......Page 115
Location Quotient......Page 116
Index of Segregation......Page 118
The Information Gain Statistic......Page 119
Applications of the Gravity Model......Page 120
Social Area Analysis......Page 121
Summary Comments......Page 122
Further Reading......Page 123
Digital Data Sources......Page 124
Geolibrary Software......Page 125
Geolibrary Operations......Page 126
Geolibrary Example......Page 127
Metadata......Page 128
Conclusion......Page 129
Further Reading......Page 130
Background and Career......Page 131
Giddings’s Influence......Page 132
Measurement......Page 134
Further Reading......Page 136
Clear, Specific, and Measurable Goals......Page 138
Avoiding the Tunnel Vision of Goals......Page 139
Who Determines Goals (and Needs)?......Page 140
Further Reading......Page 141
Introduction......Page 142
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Cases......Page 143
Relationship with Continuous Response Models......Page 144
Models That Can Be Naturally Expanded to Continuous Response Models......Page 145
Operating Characteristic of a Response Pattern......Page 146
Information Functions......Page 147
Unique Maximum Condition for the Likelihood Function......Page 148
Further Reading......Page 149
History......Page 151
Notation......Page 152
Some Elegant Theorems......Page 154
Further Reading......Page 155
The Historical Context of the Observations......Page 157
Avowed Aims of Graunt’s Text......Page 158
Baconian Natural History and Graunt’s Critical Apparatus......Page 159
Graunt’s Concept of a Population......Page 160
Graunt’s Influence......Page 161
Further Reading......Page 162
Defining a Guttman Scale......Page 163
Evaluating a Guttman Scale......Page 165
Empirical Example......Page 166
Conceptual Contributions to Measurement......Page 168
Further Reading......Page 170
Biographical Highlights......Page 171
The Definition of a Scale......Page 173
Definition of Theory......Page 174
The Structioned Mapping Sentence: A Definitional Framework for Variables......Page 175
The Common Range: Laws of Positive Monotonicity (First Laws)......Page 176
The General Hypothesis of Facet Theory......Page 177
The Concept of Regionality......Page 178
The Circular Base (Radex) of the Cylinder......Page 179
Classification of Subjects: The Categorical Mapping Sentence......Page 180
The Partial-Order Structuple (Scalogram) Analysis with Base Coordinates (POSAC) Technique for Portraying a Partial Order......Page 181
Partial-Order Structuple (Scalogram) Analysis with Base Coordinates and Discriminant Analysis for External Criteria......Page 182
Further Reading......Page 183
Introduction......Page 185
The Half-Life Method......Page 186
Serendipity......Page 187
What Determines the Improvement Half-Life?......Page 188
The Role of Process Complexity......Page 189
Why the Half-Life Method Works......Page 190
Using the Half-Life Method......Page 191
Further Reading......Page 192
Hazard Identification......Page 193
Hazard Characteristics and Risk Characterization......Page 194
Speed of Onset......Page 195
Hurricane Strike and Wind Field Intensity......Page 196
Hazards US......Page 197
Further Reading......Page 198
Illustrations and Applications......Page 199
Naturalistic Observations......Page 200
Optimization Tasks......Page 201
Simulations/Gaming Tasks......Page 202
Testing......Page 203
Further Reading......Page 204
Essential Description of Hierarchical Linear Models......Page 205
The General Structure of the Hierarchical Linear Model......Page 207
Critical Advantages of the Hierarchical Linear Model......Page 209
Further Reading......Page 210
Introduction......Page 211
Road Condition......Page 212
The System as Network......Page 213
Function......Page 214
Volume of Use of the System......Page 215
Functional Classification Mix......Page 216
Measures of Condition and Performance......Page 217
Human Purposes......Page 220
Environmental Concerns......Page 221
Further Reading......Page 222
Early Measurement Systems......Page 223
Late 19th-Early 20th Century......Page 224
Middle to Late 20th Century......Page 226
Further Reading......Page 227
History and Social Science......Page 229
Origins of Social Science History......Page 230
Development of the Field......Page 232
Reaction and Response......Page 236
Further Reading......Page 237
Introduction......Page 238
Economic Approaches: Neoclassical vs. Bargaining......Page 239
Sociological Approaches: Macro vs. Micro......Page 240
Measuring Objects......Page 241
Network Measures......Page 242
Further Reading......Page 243
The Nature-Nurture Controversy......Page 244
Mapping the Human Genome......Page 245
Assumptions for Conducting Family Studies......Page 246
Path Analysis for Twin Research......Page 247
The Future of Population Genetics......Page 249
Further Reading......Page 250
Developmental Milestones (Psychometric Measurement)......Page 252
Learning and Expertise......Page 253
Stages......Page 254
Moral Development......Page 255
Knowledge Building......Page 256
Cognitive Differences......Page 257
Further Reading......Page 258
Introduction......Page 259
Test Statistics......Page 260
The F-Test......Page 261
The t-Test......Page 262
Use Bayesian Analysis......Page 263
Further Reading......Page 264
The Difference between Outcomes and Impacts......Page 265
Uses of Outcome Evaluations......Page 266
Pretest-Posttest Design......Page 267
Basic Evaluation Procedures......Page 268
Reality Check: Obstacles to Reporting Evaluation Results......Page 269
Further Reading......Page 270
Introduction......Page 271
Social Measurement and the Information Management Process......Page 272
Approaches to the Social Measurement of Information Management......Page 273
Information Policy......Page 274
Further Reading......Page 275
Introduction......Page 277
Dimensions of Innovation......Page 278
Innovation to Improve Existing Tests......Page 279
Architect Registration Exam......Page 280
Musical Aptitude......Page 281
Future Directions......Page 282
Further Reading......Page 283
Why Are Mortality Tables Needed in the Insurance Industry?......Page 285
Mortality Tables......Page 286
Estimation of Rates of Death......Page 287
Calculation of Actuarial Premiums and Reserves......Page 288
Risk Classification, Underwriting......Page 289
Historical Aspects of Insurance, Actuarial Science, and Probability Theory......Page 290
Further Reading......Page 291
What Are Intangible Assets?......Page 292
What Is Unique about Intangibles?......Page 293
Whence the Ascendance of Intangibles?......Page 294
So, What Is the Problem?......Page 295
Benefit Allocation......Page 296
A Comprehensive Valuation of Enterprise Intangibles......Page 297
Further Reading......Page 298
Intelligence A, B, and C......Page 299
Alfred Binet (1857-1911): Father of the Intelligence Quotient Test......Page 300
One or More Intelligence Dimensions......Page 301
Intelligence Tests: Some Examples......Page 302
Wechsler’s Intelligence Scales......Page 303
Cognitive Abilities Test......Page 304
The Nature-Nurture Issue......Page 305
What Is a Good Intelligence Test?......Page 306
Further Reading......Page 307
Multiple Raters......Page 308
Percentage Agreement......Page 309
Kappa......Page 310
Product-Moment and Other Correlation Coefficients......Page 311
Conclusion......Page 312
Further Reading......Page 313
ICPSR’s Formation and Growth......Page 314
Census Enumerations: Historical and Contemporary Population Characteristics......Page 316
Economic Behavior and Attitudes......Page 318
Other General Archive Thematic Categories......Page 319
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data......Page 320
Health and Medical Care Archive......Page 321
International Archive of Education Data......Page 322
New Developments and New Tools at ICPSR......Page 323
Further Reading......Page 326
Role of Social Measurement in International Economics......Page 328
Significance of PPPs in International Economics......Page 329
PPPs and Climate Change......Page 330
Sovereign Risk......Page 331
Significance of Sovereign Credit Risk Ratings......Page 332
The Concept of the Knowledge Economy......Page 333
Sovereign Risk......Page 334
Knowledge Economy......Page 335
Individual Decision Makers......Page 336
Country......Page 337
Dyad......Page 338
International System......Page 339
Conceptual Problems......Page 340
Further Reading......Page 341
Internet Protocol/Transmission Control Protocol......Page 342
Internet Research......Page 343
Applying Qualitative Measurement......Page 344
Applying Quantitative Measurement......Page 345
Conclusions......Page 346
See Also the Following Articles......Page 347
Further Reading......Page 348
What is an Interview?......Page 349
What Type of Interview is the Best?......Page 350
Measurement Error......Page 351
Nonresponse Error......Page 352
Further Reading......Page 353
Understanding Validity Nomenclature......Page 354
Item Bias and Differential Item™Functioning......Page 355
The Delta Plot Method......Page 356
The Mantel–Haenszel Method......Page 357
Evaluating Test Bias......Page 358
Bias and Fairness for the Future......Page 359
Further Reading......Page 360
Guttman’s Scalogram Model......Page 361
The Parella Model......Page 362
The Hyperbolic Cosine Model......Page 363
Probabilistic Models for Polytomous Item Responses......Page 364
Nonparametric and Monotone-Nonmonotone Models......Page 365
Further Reading......Page 366
History......Page 367
Dichotomous Models......Page 368
Graded Response Model......Page 369
Models for Nonmonotone Items......Page 370
Statistical Treatment of Models......Page 371
Model Validation......Page 372
Optimal Test Assembly......Page 373
Current Developments......Page 374
References......Page 375
Introduction......Page 376
Jevons’ Life and Work......Page 377
Mill’s Defense of Ricardian Deductivism......Page 378
Jevons Cutting through the Distinction of Political Economy and Statistics......Page 379
Induction: The Inverse Process of Deduction......Page 380
Averages and Means......Page 381
Jevons’ Experiments on Work and Fatigue......Page 382
Jevons’ Gold Study (1863)......Page 383
Other Statistical Work......Page 385
Jevons: Humboldtian Scientist......Page 386
Further Reading......Page 387
The Lens Model......Page 388
Probability Judgment......Page 389
Valuation......Page 390
Utility Measurement......Page 392
The Problem of Response Variance......Page 393
Further Reading......Page 394
Introduction: Knowledge and Science......Page 395
Objectivity, Standardization, and Behavior Sampling......Page 396
The Case of the F Scale......Page 397
The Case of the Big Five......Page 398
Alternatives to Quantitative Research......Page 399
Knowledge Creation without Measurement: Gay and Lesbian Couples......Page 400
Further Reading......Page 401
Categories of Difficulty in Measuring Knowledge Work......Page 403
How Economists Approach Work Observation Difficulties......Page 404
How Behavioral Scientists Approach Work Observation Difficulties......Page 405
Knowledge Work and Observability......Page 406
Measuring Knowledge Work in Research......Page 407
Further Reading......Page 408
Role of Experiments in Social Sciences......Page 409
Uses of Experiments in Social Science......Page 411
Elements of Experimental Design......Page 412
Example: An Experimental Investigation of Gender and Performance Scores......Page 413
New Technology: Television and Computers in the Laboratory......Page 414
Ethics: Stress, Deception, Informed Consent and Care of Participants......Page 415
Artificiality, Realism, and Generalization from Results......Page 416
Reliability, Multiple Measurements, and Programmatic Research......Page 417
Further Reading......Page 418
Background: Correlational and Experimental Research......Page 420
Participants......Page 421
Setting......Page 422
Measurement......Page 423
Further Reading......Page 424
Introduction......Page 425
Historical and Contemporary Examples of Land Use Mapping......Page 426
Land Use/Land Cover Relationship......Page 427
Parallel Strategy......Page 428
Sequential Strategy......Page 429
Issues in Land Use Mapping......Page 430
Accuracy Assessment of Land Use Maps......Page 431
Further Reading......Page 432
Glossary......Page 434
Control versus Generalizability of Results......Page 435
Research versus Clinical Assessment......Page 436
Morphology and Syntax......Page 437
Further Reading......Page 438
Introduction......Page 440
Life and Times......Page 441
Determinism of Nature......Page 442
Probability and Human Affairs......Page 443
Further Reading......Page 444
Introduction......Page 446
Criminal Law......Page 447
Comparative Law......Page 448
Property Rights and the Endowment Effect......Page 449
Juries and the Psychology of Deliberation......Page 450
The Distributive Impact of Litigation......Page 451
Further Reading......Page 452
Major Contributions......Page 454
Father of Postindustrial Society?......Page 455
Consumption vs. Production, Leisure vs. Jobs, Consumers vs. Workers, Home vs. Workplace, Autonomous Mass Media vs. Clas.........Page 457
Organizational/Management Structure vs. Ownership of the Means of Production; Goal Displacement; Cooptation; Subcultures.........Page 458
Transforming Social Science......Page 459
The Intellectual Machine: Research Institutes and More......Page 460
Further Reading......Page 461
Achievements of Hermann Ebbinghaus......Page 462
Strength Theory and Measurement......Page 463
Encoding/Retrieval Interactions and Their Implications......Page 464
Paired Associate Learning......Page 466
Word Stem Completion......Page 467
Other Measures of Memory......Page 468
Further Reading......Page 469
Introduction......Page 470
Technology and the Development of Resources......Page 471
Evaluation......Page 472
Types of Evaluative Approaches......Page 473
Performance Measures......Page 474
Outcomes Assessment......Page 475
Summary of Evaluative Approaches......Page 476
Challenges of a Networked Environment......Page 477
Further Reading......Page 478
Likert’s Basic Idea......Page 479
The Implicit Model......Page 480
Multicategory Scales and Coefficient a......Page 481
Effects of Item Reliability on the Factor Structure......Page 483
Bipolar Domains......Page 484
How Many Categories to Use?......Page 485
Further Reading......Page 486
Definition of the Linear Logistic Test Model......Page 487
Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation......Page 489
The Uniqueness of the CML Estimator in Finite Samples......Page 490
Testing of Fit......Page 491
Analysis of the Cognitive Complexity of Tasks and Item Generation......Page 492
Individual Change......Page 493
A Multidimensional Linear Logistic Test Model of Change......Page 494
Polytomous Extensions......Page 495
Further Reading......Page 496
The Normal Linear Model: Structure and Assumptions......Page 497
Diagnostics and Remedies......Page 498
Influence: dfbeta, dfbetas, and Cook’s Distances......Page 499
Non-Normal Errors......Page 500
Nonindependence......Page 501
Collinearity and Other Sources of Imprecision......Page 502
Measurement Error in the Explanatory Variables......Page 503
Further Reading......Page 504
Individual/Social Nature of Language......Page 505
How Does Language Use Vary between Groups of Speakers?......Page 506
What Do Users Accomplish through Language?......Page 508
How Does Language Function in Power Relationships?......Page 510
How Do Users Employ Language to Construct Social Structures?......Page 511
Further Reading......Page 513
Mathematical Literacy......Page 515
Discussion......Page 516
What Is Mathematics in Relation to Mathematical Literacy?......Page 517
Competency Clustering......Page 518
Items and Assessment Structure......Page 519
Methodological Aspects......Page 520
Developments and Studies on Mathematical Literacy......Page 521
Further Reading......Page 522
The Public and Science......Page 523
Beginnings......Page 524
Systematic Measuring......Page 525
Psychometric Aspects......Page 526
Multiple Publics/Multiple Sciences......Page 527
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Program for International Student Assessment......Page 528
Further Reading......Page 529
Introduction......Page 530
Classes of Location Objectives......Page 531
Continuous Location Problems......Page 532
Network Location Problems......Page 533
Other Location Problems......Page 535
Further Reading......Page 537
Glossary......Page 539
The Principle of Optimizing Distance......Page 540
The Role of Geographic Scale, Hierarchy, and Spatial Dependence......Page 541
Descriptive, Predictive, and Normative Considerations......Page 542
Trade-offs between Transportation and Other Costs......Page 543
Key Variables in the Decision-Making Process......Page 544
Geographical Scale and the Nesting of Locational Decisions......Page 545
Maximum Revenue and the Hotelling Problem......Page 546
Key Variables in the Decision-Making Process......Page 547
Geographical Scale and the Nesting of Locational Decisions......Page 548
Types of Geographic Space in which Facilities are Located......Page 549
Distinctive Types of Objective Functions......Page 550
Interactions among the Facilities being Located......Page 551
Closest Facility Assignments or Multiple Facility Allocations......Page 552
Trade-offs between Economies of Scale and Transportation Costs......Page 553
The Geographic Information System: A Tool for Locational Decision-Making Support......Page 554
Further Reading......Page 555
General Description of Log File Analysis......Page 556
Eye Movement Registration......Page 557
Practical Issues in Registering Interaction......Page 558
Transition Analysis......Page 559
Sequence Analysis......Page 560
Conclusions......Page 561
Further Reading......Page 562
Types of Factors......Page 563
Coding of Factors......Page 564
Residual Analysis......Page 565
Example: Fitting a Model......Page 566
Further Reading......Page 567
The Cohort Study......Page 568
Types of Research Design......Page 569
Cohort Designs......Page 570
Case Control Studies......Page 571
Age, Cohort, and Period Effects......Page 572
Measurement Quality......Page 573
Retrospective Alternative......Page 574
See Also the Following Articles......Page 575
Further Reading......Page 576
Types of Longitudinal Panel Designs......Page 577
Qualitative and Quantitative Changes......Page 578
Longitudinal Panel Designs and the Study of Causal Relationships......Page 579
Unreliability of Measurement and Measurement Change......Page 580
Panel Attrition and Missing Data......Page 581
Analysis of Longitudinal Panel Data......Page 582
Further Reading......Page 583
Early Life......Page 584
Mahalanobis Distance......Page 585
Large-Scale Sample Surveys......Page 586
Contributions to Economic Planning......Page 587
Honors and Awards......Page 588
Life With a Mission......Page 589
Further Reading......Page 590
Coverage Concerns......Page 591
Factors that are Often Manipulated......Page 592
Mail and Telephone Differences......Page 593
Effects of Technology......Page 594
Further Reading......Page 595
The Marketing Industry and its Areas of Focus......Page 596
Questions Pertaining to Four Types of Marketing Activities......Page 597
The Link between Marketing Research Questions and Views on Measuring Human Behavior......Page 598
Marketing Information Systems......Page 599
Qualitative Methods of Marketing Research......Page 600
Quantitative Methods of Marketing Research......Page 601
Future Developments in the Marketing Industry......Page 603
Further Reading......Page 604
Social Measurement......Page 605
Formal Statement of the Problem......Page 606
Model-Based Approaches......Page 607
Modeling Individual Behavior......Page 608
Modeling Collective Behavior......Page 609
Social Mobility......Page 610
Validity......Page 611
Further Reading......Page 612
History up to 1900......Page 613
The Discrete Formulation......Page 614
The Continuous Formulation......Page 615
Life Insurance......Page 616
The Logistic Function......Page 617
Introduction......Page 618
The Renewal Equation......Page 619
Nonlinear Models......Page 620
Frailty Models of Mortality......Page 621
Stochastic Forecasting......Page 622
Further Reading......Page 623
Specifying the Data Generating Process......Page 624
Definition of the Likelihood......Page 625
Maximum Likelihood Estimation......Page 626
Variance-Covariance Matrix of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator......Page 628
Consistency......Page 630
Invariance......Page 631
Inference and Hypothesis Tests......Page 632
Poisson Event Counts......Page 633
Logit Model for Binary Outcomes......Page 634
Further Reading......Page 635
Measurement......Page 636
The Criteria for Adequate, but Not Perfect, Measurement......Page 637
Multiple Measures......Page 638
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Dimensions within a Concept......Page 640
Extraction......Page 641
Rotation of Factors......Page 642
Scaling......Page 643
Equivalence Reliability......Page 644
An Assessment......Page 645
Sample Size: How Many Observations Are Needed?......Page 646
Further Reading......Page 647
Central Issues of Measurement Theory......Page 648
Quantitative Attributes......Page 649
Numbers and Representations......Page 650
Evidence for Quantity......Page 651
Further Reading......Page 653
Introduction......Page 654
Locate the Relevant Literature......Page 655
Calculate Effect Sizes and Code Moderating Variables......Page 656
Report and Interpret the Results......Page 657
Critically Evaluating a Meta-Analysis......Page 658
Further Reading......Page 659
Introduction and Problem......Page 660
Single Imputation: Mean Values......Page 661
Weighting for Missing Data......Page 662
Multiple Imputation......Page 663
Nonignorable Nonresponse and Selection Models......Page 664
Further Reading......Page 665
Spatial Effects......Page 666
Spatial Econometrics......Page 667
Statistical Tests for Spatial Autocorrelation......Page 668
Illustration of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis......Page 670
Spatial Regression Models......Page 671
Spatial Process Models......Page 672
Interpretation of Spatial Effects......Page 673
Unidirectional and Multidirectional Tests for Spatial Dependence......Page 674
Small Sample Performance and Specification Strategies......Page 675
Illustration of the Spatial Modeling Approach......Page 676
Further Reading......Page 677
Glossary......Page 679
Types of Diffusion Models......Page 680
Different Disciplinary Approaches to Diffusion Study......Page 681
Innovation Profiles......Page 682
Logistic Models......Page 683
Rules of the Basic Model......Page 684
Barriers......Page 685
Corridors......Page 687
The Hamer-Soper Mass Action Model......Page 688
Spatial Versions of the Hamer-Soper Model......Page 689
Kendall and Spatial Waves......Page 690
Autoregressive-Moving Average Methods......Page 691
Perspectives on Diffusion Modeling......Page 693
Further Reading......Page 694
Introduction......Page 695
Theoretical Perspective......Page 696
Gravity and Modified Gravity Models......Page 697
The Human Capital Model......Page 698
Spatial Job-Search Models......Page 699
Modeling Migration with Microdata......Page 700
Cyclical Problems......Page 702
Further Reading......Page 703
Introduction......Page 705
The Within-Judge Level......Page 706
The Between-Judge Level......Page 707
Consistency Analyses......Page 708
Conclusion......Page 709
Further Reading......Page 710
Early Work: Impossibility of Perfect Foresight......Page 711
Collaboration with von Neumann......Page 712
Axioms and Measurable Utility......Page 713
Noncooperative Games......Page 714
Cooperative Games......Page 715
Other Contributions......Page 716
Further Reading......Page 717
Glossary......Page 718
University Education and Formation......Page 719
Education Continues in the Real World......Page 720
The New World: At Last, the United States......Page 721
Multiple Success Stories at Last......Page 723
The New York Story......Page 724
The Crisis and Morgenthau’s Legacy......Page 725
Further Reading......Page 727
Introduction......Page 728
Intuitive Discussion......Page 729
Scalar Notation......Page 730
Matrix Notation......Page 732
Unreliable Coefficient Estimates......Page 733
Optimizing Prediction and Forecasting......Page 734
Determining Causation......Page 735
Special Cases......Page 736
Incorporate Additional Information......Page 737
Remove Additional Information......Page 738
Further Reading......Page 739
The Need for Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models......Page 740
Mathematical Form of the Model......Page 741
Noncompensatory Models......Page 742
Compensatory Models......Page 743
Examples of Estimation Results......Page 744
Summary and Conclusions......Page 745
Further Reading......Page 746
Glossary......Page 747
INDSCAL......Page 748
Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling......Page 749
Two-Way and Three-Way Multidimensional Scaling......Page 750
Further Reading......Page 751
Glossary......Page 753
Introduction......Page 754
The Multilevel Regression Model......Page 755
Example of Multilevel Regression Analysis......Page 756
Analysis of Proportions and Binary Data......Page 758
Software and Internet Resources......Page 760
Further Reading......Page 761
Interdisciplinary Research on Music......Page 762
Organization Based on the Pitch Dimension......Page 763
Tones......Page 764
Musical Structures and Global Organization......Page 765
Developmental Perspectives on Musical Abilities......Page 766
Neuropsychological Cases......Page 767
Further Reading......Page 768
Origin and Purpose of the National Crime Victimization Surveys......Page 769
Sample and Interview Administration......Page 770
Panel Rotation......Page 771
Incident Characteristics......Page 772
Research Uses......Page 773
Further Reading......Page 774
Glossary......Page 775
Articulating Analytic Populations for Study in the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988: Samples, Scope of Analyses,......Page 776
Academic Achievement......Page 778
Youth-Early Adult Transitions......Page 779
High School Dropouts......Page 780
Subsampling of Cases at the 1990, 1994, and 2000 Waves of the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988......Page 781
Accessing National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988 Data, Data Documentation, and Information about the Data Set......Page 782
Further Reading......Page 783
Introduction......Page 784
Social Network Data and Research Designs......Page 785
Visualization......Page 786
Range and Composition......Page 787
Positional Analysis, Structural Equivalence, and Blockmodels......Page 788
Statistical Network Analyses......Page 789
Further Reading......Page 790
Crucial Debates......Page 791
Scientists and Science Neutrality......Page 792
Robert Merton: Scientific Ethos of Science......Page 793
The Critics of Positivism-Reflexivity......Page 794
Thomas Kuhn: Frames of Meaning......Page 795
Social Conditioning......Page 796
Bruno Latour......Page 797
Disunity of Sciences: Ecology of Practices......Page 798
Rethinking Neutrality......Page 799
Modus Operandus......Page 800
Further Reading......Page 802
Early Career......Page 803
Neyman and Pearson on Hypothesis Testing......Page 804
Neyman in the United States......Page 806
Outline placeholder......Page 807
Further Reading......Page 808
Introduction......Page 809
Florence Nightingale: Early Life and the Crimean War......Page 810
Nightingale and Changes in Nursing and Hospitals......Page 811
Nightingale and the Importance of Statistics......Page 813
Further Reading......Page 814
Introduction......Page 815
Example: A Vocabulary Test Item......Page 816
Item Parameter Estimation and Test Scoring......Page 817
Measurement of Group Differences......Page 818
Example: A Partial Ranking......Page 819
Further Reading......Page 821
Comparison with Probability Samples......Page 823
Definition......Page 824
Application......Page 825
Application......Page 826
Further Reading......Page 827
Motivation for Analyzing Non-Response Bias......Page 829
Dealing with Nonrepresentativeness before or after Data are Collected: Sample Design and Data Analysis Stages......Page 830
Imputation......Page 831
Other Perspectives on Correcting for Non-Response Bias......Page 832
Validation......Page 833
Designing Surveys So That Non-Response Bias Can Be Estimated......Page 834
Parsing the Meaning of the "Don’t Know" Response......Page 835
Further Reading......Page 836
Measurement Using Nonparametric Item Response Theory Models......Page 838
Additional Assumptions......Page 839
Parametric Item Response Theory Models......Page 840
Item Measurement......Page 841
Manifest Monotonicity......Page 842
Practical Applications of Nonparametric Item Response Theory Models......Page 843
Further Reading......Page 844
Glossary......Page 846
Primary Sampling Units......Page 847
Secondary Sampling Units......Page 849
Housing Units......Page 850
Persons......Page 851
Design Options......Page 852
Summary......Page 853
Further Reading......Page 854
The Context: Outcomes Research and Evidence-Based Nursing Practice......Page 855
Social Science Measurement Concepts in Nursing Research......Page 856
Social Science Research Design Methods and Analyses......Page 857
True Experimental Designs in Nursing Intervention and Outcomes Research......Page 858
Other Nursing Research......Page 859
Experimental Design: The ISEE Study......Page 860
Structural Equation Model: Analysis of ISEE Baseline Measures......Page 861
Instrument Development: The Therapy-Related Symptom Checklist, TRSC......Page 863
Further Reading......Page 865
Introduction......Page 867
Social Science and Objectivity: The Positivist Orthodoxy......Page 868
The Challenge from Interpretive Social Science......Page 869
The Challenge from Philosophy of Science......Page 870
The Challenges from Feminism and Postmodernism......Page 871
Reclaiming Objectivity: The Realist Response......Page 872
Further Reading......Page 873
Defining Observational Studies......Page 874
What Is to Be Observed, Sampled, and Recorded......Page 875
Agreement, Reliability, and Validity......Page 876
Nonsequential and Sequential Analyses......Page 877
Problems and Ethical Considerations in Observational Studies......Page 878
Further Reading......Page 879
Omitted Variable Bias in the Bivariate Case......Page 880
Examples......Page 881
The Algebra of the Bias......Page 882
Broader Implications......Page 883
Correcting Omitted Variable Bias......Page 884
Further Reading......Page 885
Operations Research Defined......Page 886
Stage 2: Formulate the Problem Mathematically......Page 887
Stage 3: Solve Instances of the Problem......Page 888
Stage 5: Implement the Model-Use the model to Explain, Predict, and Decide......Page 890
Operations Research as a Decision Tool in Social Science......Page 891
Further Reading......Page 892
Introduction......Page 893
Overview......Page 894
Constraints Based on Test Specifications......Page 895
Weighted Deviations Model......Page 896
Classical Test Construction......Page 897
Multistage Testing......Page 898
Network-Flow Programming......Page 899
Conclusion and Discussion......Page 900
Further Reading......Page 901
Glossary......Page 902
Introduction......Page 903
Fitting Criterion......Page 904
The Ordinary Least Squares Estimator......Page 905
Assumptions of Ordinary Least Squares......Page 906
The Gauss-Markov Theorem......Page 907
Consequences of Violating the Assumptions of Ordinary Least Squares......Page 908
Further Reading......Page 909
Introduction......Page 910
Examples of Measures Used in Organizational Behavior......Page 911
Response Scales, Reliability, and Validity......Page 913
Further Reading......Page 915
Challenges in Measuring Individuals in Contemporary Organizations......Page 916
Measurement of Cognitive Ability......Page 917
Measurement of Personality......Page 918
Dimensions of Job Performance......Page 919
Measurement Equivalence in Cross-Cultural Research......Page 920
Summary......Page 921
Further Reading......Page 922