دانلود کتاب General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System

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Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Foreword and Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 9
General Anatomy......Page 15
1.1 Human Phylogeny......Page 16
1.2 Human Ontogeny: Overview, Fertilization, and Earliest Developmental Stages......Page 18
1.3 Human Ontogeny: Ciastrolation. Neurolation. and Somite Formation......Page 20
1.4 Human Ontogeny: Development of the Fetal Membranes and Placenta......Page 22
1.5 Development of the Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arches in Humans......Page 24
1.6 Early Embryonic Circulation and the Development of Major Blood Vessels......Page 26
1.7 Bone Development and Remodeling......Page 28
1.8 Ossification of the Limbs......Page 30
1.9 Development and Position of the Limbs......Page 32
2.1 The Human Body (Proportions, Surface Areas, and Body Weights)......Page 34
2.2 The Structural Design of the Human Body......Page 36
3.1 Terms of Location and Direction, Cardinal Planes and Axes......Page 38
3.2 Body Surface Anatomy......Page 40
3.3 Body Surface Contours and Palpable Bony Prominences......Page 42
3.4 Landmarks and Reference Lines on the Human Body......Page 44
3.5 Body Regions (Regional Anatomy)......Page 46
4.1 The Bony Skeleton and the Structure of Tubular Bones
......Page 48
4.2 Continuous and Discontinuous joints: Synarthroses and Diarthroses......Page 50
4.3 Basic Principles of Joint Mechanics
......Page 52
5.1 The Skeletal Muscles......Page 54
5.2 The Tendons and Mechanisms That Assist Muscle Function......Page 56
6.1 Overview of the Human Cardiovascular System......Page 58
6.2 The Structure of Arteries and Veins......Page 60
6.3 The Terminal Vascular Bed......Page 62
7.1 The Human Lymphatic System......Page 64
7.2 Exocrine and Endocrine Glands......Page 66
8.1 Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
......Page 68
8.2 Neural Crest Derivatives and the Development of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)......Page 70
8.3 Topography and Structure of the Nervous System......Page 72
8.4 Cells of the Nervous System......Page 74
8.5 Structure of a Spinal Cord Segment......Page 76
8.6 Sensory Innervation: An Overview......Page 78
8.7 Sensory Innervation: Dermatomes and Cutaneous Nerve Territories......Page 80
8.8 Motor Innervation......Page 82
8.9 Differences between the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems......Page 84
8.10 The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 86
Trunk Wall......Page 89
1.1 The Skeleton of the Trunk......Page 90
1.2 The Bony Spinal Column......Page 92
1.3 Development of the Spinal Column......Page 94
1.4 The Structure of a Vertebra......Page 96
1.5 The Cervical Spine......Page 98
1.6 The Thoracic Spine......Page 100
1.7 The Lumbar Spine......Page 102
1.8 The Sacrum and Coccyx......Page 104
1.9 The Intervertebral Disk: Structure and Function......Page 106
1.10 The Ligaments of the Spinal Column: Overview and Thoracolumbar Region......Page 108
1.11 Overview of the Ligaments of the Cervical Spine......Page 110
1.12 The Ligaments of the Upper Cervical Spine (Atlanto-occipital and Atlantoaxial joints)......Page 112
1.13 The Intervertebral Facet joints, Motion Segments, and Range of Motion in Different Spinal Regions
......Page 114
1.14 The Uncovertebral Joints of the Cervical Spine......Page 116
1.15 Degenerative Changes in the Lumbar Spine......Page 118
1.16 The Thoracic Skeleton......Page 120
1.17 The Sternum and Ribs
......Page 122
1.18 The Costovertebral joints and Thoracic Movements......Page 124
1.19 The Bony Pelvis......Page 126
1.20 The Pelvic Ugaments and Pelvic Measurements......Page 128
1.21 The Sacroiliac joint......Page 130
2.1 The Muscles of the Trunk Wall. Their Origin and Function......Page 132
2.2 The Intrinsic Back Muscles: Lateral Tract......Page 134
2.3 The Intrinsic Back Muscles: Medial Tract......Page 136
2.4 The Intrinsic Back Muscles: The Short Nuchal and Craniovertebral joint Muscles and the Prevertebral Muscle......Page 138
2.5 The Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Lateral and Oblique Muscles......Page 140
2.6 The Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Anterior and Posterior Muscles......Page 142
2.7 The Functions of the Abdominal Wall Muscles
......Page 144
2.8 The Muscles of the Thoracic cage (lntercostales, Subcostales, Scaleni, and Transversus thoracis)......Page 146
2.9 The Muscles of the Thoracic Cage: The Diaphragm......Page 148
2.10 The Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Pelvic Diaphragm, Urogenital Diaphragm, Sphincter and Erectile Muscles)......Page 150
3.1 The Back Muscles and Thoracolumbar Fascia......Page 152
3.2 The Intrinsic Back Muscles: Lateral and Medial Tracts......Page 154
3.3 The Intrinsic Back Muscles: Short Nuchal Muscles......Page 156
3.4 The Chest Wall Muscles and Endothoracic Fascia......Page 158
3.5 Thoracoabdominal junction: The Diaphragm......Page 160
3.6 The Lateral and Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles
......Page 162
3.7 Structure of the Abdominal Wall and Rectus Sheath......Page 164
3.8 The Pelvic Floor Muscles: Overview of the Perineal Region and Superficial Fasciae......Page 166
3.9 Structure of the Pelvic Floor and Pelvic Spaces: Female versus Male......Page 168
3.10 The Muscles of the Female Pelvic Floor and Wall......Page 170
3.11 Pelvic Floor Muscles: The Levator ani......Page 172
3.12 Pelvic Floor Muscles: Their Relation to Organs and Vessels in Males and Females......Page 174
4.1 The Arteries......Page 176
4.2 The Veins
......Page 178
4.3 The Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes......Page 180
4.4 The Nerves......Page 182
5.1 Anterior Trunk Wall: Surface Anatomy and Superficial Nerves and Vessels......Page 184
5.2 Posterior Trunk Wall: Surface Anatomy and Superficial Nerves and Vessels......Page 186
5.3 Posterior Trunk Wall, Posterior View......Page 188
5.4 Posterior Trunk Wall, Anterior View......Page 190
5.5 Anterior Trunk Wall: Overview and Location of Clinically Important Nerves and Vessels......Page 192
5.6 Anterior Trunk Wall: Nerves, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics in the Female Breast......Page 194
5.7 Anterior Trunk Wall: The Inguinal Canal......Page 196
5.8 Anterior Abdominal Wall: Anatomy and Weak Spots......Page 198
5.9 Inguinal and Femoral Hernias......Page 200
5.10 Rare External Hernias......Page 202
5.11 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hernias......Page 204
5.12 Development of the External Genitalia......Page 206
5.13 Male External Genitalia: Testicular Descent and the Spennatic Cord......Page 208
5.14 Male External Genitalia: The Testis and Epididymis......Page 210
5.15 Male External Genitalia: The Fasciae and Erectile Tissues of the Penis......Page 212
5.16 Male External Genitalia: Nerves and Vessels of the Penis......Page 214
5.17 Female External Genitalia: Overview and Episiotomy •......Page 216
5.18 Female External Cienitalia: Neurovascular Structures, Erectile Tissues, Erectile Muscles, and Vestibule......Page 218
The Upper Limb......Page 221
1.1 The Upper Limb as a Whole......Page 222
1.2 Integration of the Shoulder Girdle into the Skeleton of the Trunk
......Page 224
1.3 The Bones of the Shoulder Girdle......Page 226
1.4 The Bones of the Upper Limb: The Humerus
......Page 228
1.5 The Bones of the Upper Limb: Torsion of the Humerus......Page 230
1.6 The Bones of the Upper Limb: The Radius and Ulna......Page 232
1.7 The Bones of the Upper Limb: The Articular Surfaces of the Radius and Ulna
......Page 234
1.8 The Bones of the Upper Limb: The Hand......Page 236
1.9 The Bones of the Upper Limb: The Carpal Bones
......Page 238
1.10 The joints of the Shoulder:......Page 240
1.11 The Joints of the Shoulder: Ligaments of the Clavicular and Scapulothoracic Joints
......Page 242
1.12 The joints of the Shoulder: The Capsule and Ligaments of the Glenohumeral joint......Page 244
1.13 The Joints of the Shoulder: The Subacromial Space......Page 246
1.14 The Subacromial Bursa and Subdeltoid Bursa......Page 248
1.15 Movements of the Shoulder Girdle and Shoulder Joint......Page 250
1.16 The Elbow Joint as a Whole......Page 252
1.17 The Elbow Joint: Capsule and Ligaments......Page 254
1.18 The Forearm: Proximal and Distal Radioulnar joints......Page 256
1.19 Movements of the Elbow and Radioulnar Joints......Page 258
1.20 The Ligaments of the Hand......Page 260
1.21 The Carpal Tunnel......Page 262
1.22 The Ligaments of the Fingers......Page 264
1.23 The Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb......Page 266
1.24 Movements of the Hand and Finger joints......Page 268
2.1 Functional Muscle Groups......Page 270
2.2 The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid, and Omohyoid......Page 272
2.3 The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: Semtus anterior, Subclavius, Pectoralis minor, Levator scapulae, and Rhomboid major and......Page 274
2.4 The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: The Rotator Cuff......Page 276
2.5 The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: The Deltoid......Page 278
2.6 The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: Latissimus dorsi and Teres major......Page 280
2.7 The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: Pectoralis major and Coracobrachialis......Page 282
2.8 The Muscles of the Arm:......Page 284
2.9 The Muscles of the Arm: Triceps brachii and Anconeus......Page 286
2.10 The Muscles of the Forearm: The Superficial and Deep Flexors......Page 288
2.11 The Muscles of the Forearm: The Radialis Muscles......Page 290
2.12 The Muscles of the Forearm: The Superficial and Deep Extensors......Page 292
2.13 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: The Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles......Page 294
2.14 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Lumbricals and Interossei (Metacarpal Muscles)......Page 296
3.1 The Posterior Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Shoulder joint......Page 298
3.2 The Posterior Muscles of the Shoulder joint and Arm......Page 300
3.3 The Anterior Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Shoulder joint......Page 302
3.4 The Anterior Muscles of the Shoulder joint and Arm......Page 304
3.5 The Anterior Muscles of the Forearm......Page 306
3.6 The Posterior Muscles of the Forearm......Page 308
3.7 Cross Sections of the Arm and Forearm......Page 310
3.8 The Tendon Sheaths of the Hand......Page 312
3.9 The Dorsal Digital Expansion......Page 314
3.10 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Superficial Layer......Page 316
3.11 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Middle Layer......Page 318
3.12 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Deep Layer......Page 320
4.1 The Arteries......Page 322
4.2 The Veins......Page 324
4.3 The Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes......Page 326
4.4 The Brachial Plexus: Structure......Page 328
4.5 The Brachial Plexus: Supraclavicular Part......Page 330
4.6 Infraclavicular Part of the Brachial Plexus: Overview and Short Branches......Page 332
4.7 Infraclavicular Part of the Brachial Plexus: The Musculocutaneous Nerve and Axillary Nerve......Page 334
4.8 Infraclavicular Part of the Brachial Plexus: The Radial Nerve......Page 336
4.9 Infraclavicular Part of the Brachial Plexus: The Ulnar Nerve......Page 338
4.10 Infraclavicular Part of the Brachial Plexus: The Median Nerve......Page 340
5.1 Surface Anatomy and Superficial Nerves and Vessels: Anterior View......Page 342
5.2 Surface Anatomy and Superficial Nerves and Vessels:......Page 344
5.3 The Shoulder Region: Anterior View......Page 346
5.4 The Axilla: Anterior Wall......Page 348
5.5 The Axilla: Posterior Wall......Page 350
5.6 The Anterior Brachial Region......Page 352
5.7 The Shoulder Region: Posterior and Superior Views......Page 354
5.8 The Posterior Brachial Region......Page 356
5.9 The Elbow (Cubital Region)......Page 358
5.10 The Anterior Forearm Region
......Page 360
5.11 The Posterior Forearm Region and the Dorsum of the Hand......Page 362
5.12 The Palm of the Hand: Epifascial Nerves and Vessels......Page 364
5.13 The Palm of the Hand: Vascular Supply......Page 366
5.14 The Carpal Tunnel......Page 368
5.15 The Ulnar Tunnel and Anterior Carpal Region......Page 370
The Lower Limb......Page 373
1.1 The Lower Limb: General Aspects......Page 374
1.2 The Anatomical and Mechanical Axes of the Lower Umb......Page 376
1.3 The Bones of the Pelvic Girdle......Page 378
1.4 The Femur: Importance of the Femoral Neck Angle......Page 380
1.5 The Femoral Head and Deformities of the Femoral Neck......Page 382
1.6 The Patella......Page 384
1.7 The Tibia and Fibula......Page 386
1.8 The Bones of the Foot from the Dorsal and Plantar Views......Page 388
1.9 The Bones of the Foot from the Lateral and Medial Views; Accessory Tarsal Bones......Page 390
1.10 The Hip joint: Articulating Bones......Page 392
1.11 The Ligaments of the Hip joint: Stabilization of the Femoral Head......Page 394
1.12 The Ligaments of the Hip joint: Nutrition of the Femoral Head......Page 396
1.13 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Hip joint......Page 398
1.14 The Movements and Biomechanics of the Hlp joint......Page 400
1.15 The Development of the Hip joint......Page 402
1.16 The Knee joint: Articulating Bones......Page 404
1.17 The Ligaments of the Knee joint: An Overview......Page 406
1.18 The Knee joint: The Cruciate and Collateral Ligaments......Page 408
1.19 The Knee joint: The Menisci......Page 410
1.20 The Movements of the Knee joint......Page 412
1.21 The Knee joint: Capsule and joint Cavity......Page 414
1.22 The joints of the Foot: Overview of the Articulating Bones and joints......Page 416
1.23 The joints of the Foot: Articular Surfaces......Page 418
1.24 The joints of the Foot: The Talocrural and Subtalar joints......Page 420
1.25 The Ligaments of the Foot......Page 422
1.26 The Movements of the Foot......Page 424
1.27 Overview of the Plantar Vault and the Transverse Arch......Page 426
1.28 The Longitudinal Arch of the Foot......Page 428
1.29 The Sesamoid Bones and Deformities of the Toes......Page 430
1.30 Human Gait......Page 432
2.1 The Muscles of the Lower Limb: Classification......Page 434
2.2 The Hip and Gluteal Muscles: The Inner Hip Muscles......Page 436
2.3 The Hip and Gluteal Muscles: The Outer Hip Muscles......Page 438
2.4 The Hip and Gluteal Muscles:......Page 440
2.5 The Anterior Thigh Muscles: The Extensor Group......Page 442
2.6 The Posterior Thigh Muscles: The Flexor Group......Page 444
2.7 The Leg Muscles: The Anterior and Lateral Compartments (Extensor and Fibularis Group)......Page 446
2.8 The Leg Muscles: The Posterior Compartment (Superficial Flexor Group)......Page 448
2.9 The Leg Muscles: The Posterior Compartment (Deep Flexor Group)......Page 450
2.10 The Short Muscles of the Foot: Dorsum and Medial and Lateral Sole......Page 452
2.11 The Short Muscles of the Foot: Central Sole......Page 454
3.1 The Muscles of the Thigh, Hip and Gluteal Region from the Medial and Anterior Views......Page 456
3.2 The Muscles of the Thigh, Hip, and Gluteal Region from the Anterior View; Origins and Insertions......Page 458
3.3 The Muscles of the Thigh, Hip, and Gluteal Region from the Lateral and Posterior Views......Page 460
3.4 The Muscles of the Thigh, Hip, and Gluteal Region from the Posterior View; Origins and Insertions......Page 462
3.5 The Muscles of the Leg from the Lateral and Anterior View; Origins and Insertions......Page 464
3.6 Muscles of the Leg from the Posterior View; Origins and Insertions
......Page 466
3.7 The Tendon Sheaths and Retinacula of the Foot......Page 468
3.8 The Intrinsic Foot Muscles from the Plantar View; the Plantar Aponeurosis......Page 470
3.9 The Intrinsic Foot Muscles from the Plantar View
......Page 472
3.10 The Intrinsic Foot Muscles from the Plantar View; Origins and Insertions......Page 474
3.11 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot......Page 476
4.1 The Arteries......Page 478
4.2 The Veins......Page 480
4.3 The Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes......Page 482
4.4 The Structure of the Lumbosacral Plexus......Page 484
4.5 The Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus: The Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral, and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves......Page 486
4.6 The Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus: The Obturator and Femoral Nerves......Page 488
4.7 The Nerves of the Sacral Plexus: The Superior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves......Page 490
4.8 The Nerves of the Sacral Plexus: The Sciatic Nerve (Overview and Sensory Distribution)......Page 492
4.9 The Nerves of the Sacral Plexus: The Sciatic Nerve (Course and Motor Distribution)......Page 494
4.10 The Nerves of the Sacral Plexus: The Pudendal and Coccygeal Nerves......Page 496
5.1 Surface Anatomy and Superficial Nerves and Vessels: Anterior View......Page 498
5.2 Surface Anatomy and Superficial Nerves and Vessels: Posterior View......Page 500
5.3 The Anterior Femoral Region Including the Femoral Triangle......Page 502
5.4 Arterial Supply to the Thigh......Page 504
5.5 The Gluteal Region: Overview of its Vessels and Nerves......Page 506
5.6 The Gluteal Region: The Sciatic Foramen and Sciatic Nerve......Page 508
5.7 The lschioanal Fossa......Page 510
5.8 The Pudendal Canal and Perineal Region (Urogenital and Anal Region)......Page 512
5.9 The Posterior Thigh Region and Popliteal Region......Page 514
5.10 The Posterior Leg Region and the Tarsal Tunnel......Page 516
5.11 The Sole of the Foot......Page 518
5.12 The Anterior Leg Region and Dorsum of the Foot: Cutaneous Innervation......Page 520
5.13 The Arteries of the Dorsum of the Foot......Page 522
Appendix......Page 525
References......Page 527
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B......Page 531
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L......Page 538
M......Page 540
N......Page 545
O......Page 547
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