دانلود کتاب Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology

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Front-matter_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology
Copyright_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology
List-of-Contributors_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology
Preface-and-Acknowledgments_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology1
Part I
Cellular and molecular morphogenesis of the nervous system
Chapter-1---Brain-Morphogenesis-and-Develop_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N
Chapter 1 - Brain Morphogenesis and Developmental Neurotoxicology
I - Introduction
II - Marr proposed computational models be integrated over three levels
III - Morphogenetic features emerge from interactions across multiple levels of biological organization
A - Sensory Pathways Encode Features of Sense Organs and the Environment
B - Neurovascular Coupling (NVC) is Essential to Brain Connectivity
C - Engrams Exist at Multiple Structural Levels
IV - Whole Brain Assessment of Larval Zebrafish Reveals Patterns of Connectivity
V - Conclusions: morphology informs predictive models of developmental neurotoxicity
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Further Reading
Chapter-2---Neural-Cell-Adhesion-Molecules-in-No_2018_Handbook-of-Developmen
Chapter 2 -
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules in Normal and Abnormal Neural Development
I - Introduction
II - The expression levels of NCAM and PSA–NCAM during the development
III - Regulating PSA–NCAM expression and cell migration
IV - Requirement of PSA–NCAM for activity-induced synaptic plasticity
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-3---Neurite-Development-and-Neu_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuro
Chapter 3 - Neurite Development and Neurotoxicity
I - Introduction
A - Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neurite Growth
1 - Applications in Neurotoxicology: Addressing Molecular Mechanisms
B - Genetic Modulation of Neurite Development
1 - Examples of Genetic Modulation by Neurotoxicants
C - Cell Death Mechanisms and Neurite Development
1 - Relevance to Neurotoxicology: Addressing Cell Death Mechanisms
D - Stem/Progenitor Cells and Neurite Development
1 - Applications of Stem Cell Technology for Neurotoxicology
E - Neurite Growth and State-of-the-Art Techniques
1 - Overview
2 - High-Content Imaging
3 - Applications Using HCI
4 - Three-Dimensional Approaches
a - Organotypic Culture Technique for Assessing Neurite Growth
b - 3D Cell Culture
5 - Nanotechnology and Neurite Development
a - Applications of Nanotechnology
b - Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials
6 - Bioengineering and Neurite Development
a - De Novo Measurement of Neurite Growth
b - Bioengineering-Induced Neurotoxicity Related to Neurite Development
II - Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Chapter-4---Myelin--Structure--Function--Patho_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta
Chapter 4 - Myelin: Structure, Function, Pathology, and Targeted Therapeutics
I - Introduction
II - Myelin architecture and assembly: old and new perspectives
A - Traditional View of Myelin
B - Recent Findings: Myelin Structure and Functions
III - Neuron–glia communication and its regulation
IV - Myelinating glial cell lineages in peripheral and central nervous systems
A - Schwann Cells
B - Oligodendrocytes
V - Chemical composition of vertebrate myelin
VI - Dysmyelination: myelin mutant models for dysmyelination
VII - Demyelination: effect of various factors on developmental myelination
A - Malnutrition
B - Thyroid Deficiency
VIII - Remyelination and CNS disorders: myelin to axonal regeneration
IX - Newer treatment strategies for myelin disorders
X - Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology5
PART II
Developmental neurobiology/toxicology
Chapter-5---Neurotrophic-Factor_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicolo
Chapter
5 - Neurotrophic Factors
I - Neurotrophic factors
II - Expression pattern and regulation
III - Neurotrophin receptors
IV - Neurotrophic factors in cell survival and cell death
V - Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity
VI - Neurotrophins and behavior
VII - Other neurotrophic factors
VIII - Clinical correlates to neurodegenerative disorders
IX - Clinical correlates to psychiatric disorders
X - Genetic polymorphisms
XI - Neurotrophins as therapeutic agents
References
Chapter-6---Serotonin-Signaling-as-a-Target-fo_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta
Chapter 6 - Serotonin Signaling as a Target for Craniofacial Embryotoxicity
I - Introduction—Serotonin and Embryonic Development
II - Serotonin signal transduction
A - Serotonin Release and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
B - Serotonin Receptors and Receptor Antagonists
III - Role of serotonin in development
A - Placental Transfer of Serotonin
B - Serotonin and Craniofacial Development
C - Embryonic Precursors of the Facial Skeleton
D - Serotonin and Neural Crest Cells
E - Importance of Proper Orofacial Osteogenesis to Orofacial Development
F - Serotonin and Bone Development
IV - Conclusions
References
Chapter-7---Neurotoxic-and-Neurotrophic-Effects-o_2018_Handbook-of-Developme
Chapter 7 - Neurotoxic and Neurotrophic Effects of GABAergic Agents on the Developing Brain
I - Introduction
II - The GABAergic system during development
III - GABAergic agents and consequences of perturbations of GABAergic system development
IV - Animal models of GABAergic system perturbation
V - In vitro and cell-based models of GABAergic system perturbation during neurodevelopment
VI - Bioinformatic and computational approaches
VII - Protecting the developing GABAergic system: prospects for the future
References
Chapter-8---Neural-Stem-Cell-Biology-and-Applicat_2018_Handbook-of-Developme
Chapter 8 - Neural Stem Cell Biology and Application to Developmental Neurotoxicity Assessment
I - Neural stem cells in the developing brain
II - Neural stem cells in the adult brain
III - NSCs-derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells
IV - Application of NSCs to developmental neurotoxicity assessments
A - Status of Developmental Neurotoxicity Tests
B - Considerations on the Utilization of NSCs as an In Vitro Model for DNT Assessment
V - Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Chapter-9---Apoptosis-as-a-Mechanism-of-Deve_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-
Chapter 9
- Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Developmental Neurotoxicity
I - Introduction
II - Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis in the Developing Nervous System
III - Physiological Roles of Apoptosis in Neurodevelopment
IV - Chemical-Induced Apoptosis
A - Anesthetics
B - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
C - Zinc
V - Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Chapter-10---Periods-of-Susceptibility--Interspecies-Co_2018_Handbook-of-Dev
Chapter 10 -
Periods of Susceptibility: Interspecies Comparison of Developmental Milestones During Ontogenesis of the Central Ne...
I - Introduction
II - Overview of central nervous system development
A - Neural Tube Formation
B - Cellular Components of the Neural Plate
C - Primary Neurulation
D - Formation of Cerebral Vesicles
E - Secondary Neurulation
F - Intramural Development and Nuclei
III - Developmental milestones
A - Externally Observed Central Nervous System Developmental Milestones
B - Internally Observed Central Nervous System Developmental Milestones
C - Developmental Milestones Related to Myelination
D - Developmental Milestones of Cerebral Cortex
IV - Conclusions
References
Chapter-11---Modeling-the-Neurovascular-Unit_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-
Chapter 11 - Modeling the Neurovascular Unit In Vitro and In Silico
I - Introduction
II - Animal models of BBB development and function
III - Cell-based models
IV - Static three-dimensional (3D) models
V - Organotypic culture models (OCMs) and microphysiological systems(MPS)
VI - Implementing in vitro BBB models for DNT
VII - In silico models: BBB permeability
VIII - In silico models: virtual NVU
IX - Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-12---Zebrafish-as-a-Model-for-Developm_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta
Chapter 12 - Zebrafish as a Model for Developmental Biology and Toxicology
I - Introduction
II - Developmental biology
A - Gastrulation
B - Organogenesis
C - Neurodevelopment
D - Neurulation
E - Neurogenesis
F - Eye
G - Brain
H - Behavior
III - Developmental toxicology
A - Assessments and Chemicals Screened
1 - Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test
2 - Morphological Screens
3 - Behavioral Assays
B - Advancements
IV - Concordance with mammalian models
V - Conclusions
References
Chapter-13---Using-Caenorhabditis-elegans-t_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N
Chapter 13 -
Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Study Neurotoxicity
I - Introduction
II - Studies of specific neurotoxins
A - Manganese
B - Selenium
C - Methylmercury
D - Other Toxins
III - Anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity
IV - Conclusions
References
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology6
Synaptogenesis and neurotransmission
Chapter-14---Human-3D-In-Vitro-Models-for-De_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-
Chapter 14 - Human 3D In Vitro Models for Developmental Neurotoxicity
I - Developmental neurotoxicity represents a societal testing need
II - The current testing approach for DNT in vivo and in vitro does not satisfy our needs
III - The process of developing in vitro strategies for DNT
IV - The development of a reproducible BMPS for modeling neurodevelopment and testing its perturbation
V - Ongoing developments of the mini-brain
VI - Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-15---Ontogeny-of-Monoamine-Neuro_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neur
Chapter 15 - Ontogeny of Monoamine Neurotransmitters
I - Introduction
II - Innervation of terminal fields
A - Ontogeny of Dopaminergic Innervation
B - Ontogeny of Noradrenergic Innervation
C - Ontogeny of Serotonergic Innervation
III - Neurochemical synaptogenesis
A - Neurotransmitter Content
1 - Dopamine
2 - Norepinephrine
3 - Serotonin
B - Biosynthetic Enzymes
1 - Tyrosine Hydroxylase
2 - Dopamine β-Hydroxylase (DβH)
3 - Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TPH)
C - Reuptake Systems
1 - High-Affinity DA Uptake
2 - High-Affinity NE Uptake
3 - High-Affinity 5-HT Uptake
D - Monoaminergic Receptors
1 - Dopaminergic Receptors
2 - Noradrenergic Receptors
3 - Serotonergic Receptors
a - Developmental neurotoxicity of amphetamine-type stimulants
References
Chapter-16---Developmental-Toxicity-Within-the-_2018_Handbook-of-Development
Chapter 16 - Developmental Toxicity Within the Central Cholinergic Nervous System
I - Introduction
II - The Cholinergic System in CNS Development
III - Vulnerable Time Periods of Developmental Neurotoxicity
IV - Functional Effects of Developmental Exposure to Anticholinesterases
V - Cholinergic Mechanisms of Developmental Neurotoxicity
VI - Other Cholinergic Developmental Neurotoxicants
A - Other Insecticides
B - Nicotine
C - Lead
D - Endocrine Disruptors
VII - Conclusions
References
Chapter-17---Ontogeny-of-Second-Messeng_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuro
Chapter 17 - Ontogeny of Second Messenger Systems
I - Introduction
II - Second Messenger Systems: General and Ontogenic Aspects
A - Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
B - Inositol Triphosphate and Diacylglycerol
C - Calcium
D - Nitric Oxide
III - Specific Roles of the Second Messenger System in Brain Development
A - Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis
B - Modulation of Apoptosis
IV - Developmental Neurotoxicants and Second Messenger Systems
A - Ethanol
B - Lead
V - Conclusions
References
Chapter-18---The-NMDA-Receptors--Physiology-and-_2018_Handbook-of-Developmen
Chapter 18 - The NMDA Receptors: Physiology and Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain
I - Introduction
II - Molecular Structure of the NMDA Receptor
III - Functional Role of the NMDA Receptor
IV - Anatomical Distribution and Developmental Changes in NMDA Receptors in Brain
V - Role of the NMDA Receptor in Neurotoxicity During Brain Development
Acknowledgment
References
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology
Part IV -
Nutrient and Chemical Disposition
Chapter-19---Physiologically-Based-Pharmaco_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N
Chapter 19 - Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models
I - Introduction
II - Selected PBPK models for developmental neurotoxicology
A - Atrazine
1 - Background
2 - Pharmacokinetic Model Structure
3 - Model Predictions
4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions
B - Chlorpyrifos
1 - Background
2 - Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model Structure
3 - Model Predictions
4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions
C - Deltamethrin
1 - Background
2 - Pharmacokinetic Model Structure
3 - Model Predictions
4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions
D - Manganese
1 - Background
2 - Pharmacokinetic Model Structure
3 - Model Predictions
4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions
E - Perchlorate and Iodine
1 - Background
2 - Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model Structure
3 - Life Stage Model Predictions
4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions
III - Future directions for modeling CNS active materials
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-20---Blood-Brain-Barrier--Physiologica_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta
Chapter 20 - Blood–Brain Barrier: Physiological and Functional Considerations
I - Introduction
II - Development of the blood–brain barrier
A - Role of Astrocytes in BBB Development
B - Role of Pericytes in BBB Development
C - Signaling Pathways Involved in BBB Development
III - Disruption of the blood–brain barrier
A - Drugs of Abuse
B - Neurodegenerative Diseases
IV - Summary
References
Chapter-21---Toxicological-Mechanisms-of-Engineered-Na_2018_Handbook-of-Deve
Chapter 21 - Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials: Role of Material Properties in Inducing Different Biological ...
I - Introduction
II - Manganese NP Toxicity
III - The Role of Charge in Gold Nanotoxicity
IV - Toxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles
V - Unique Cellular Interactions of Silver Nanoparticles
VI - Chronic Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Enhanced Models
VII - Impact of Nanoparticles on Cellular Mitochondria
VIII - Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity Through Gene-Editing Technology
References
Chapter-22---Food-and-Nutrient-Exposure-Throughout-the-_2018_Handbook-of-Dev
Chapter 22 - Food and Nutrient Exposure Throughout the Life Span: How Does What We Eat Translate Into Exposure, Deficiencies, an...
I - Introduction
II - Nutrient Assessment
III - Bioavailability and Beyond
IV - Current Nutrient Standards
V - Global Causes of Deficiency
VI - Global Causes of Toxicity
VII - Effects of Deficiency and Excessive Amounts of Selected Nutrients
A - Iron
B - Zinc
C - Folic Acid
D - Vitamin A
E - Vitamin D
VIII - Approaches to Addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies
A - Pill Supplementation Programs
B - Fortification
C - Multiple Micronutrient Fortified Beverages and Foods
D - Microencapsulation
E - Agricultural Enhancement of Micronutrient Content of Foods
IX - Further Directions in Research About Lifelong Effects of Nutrition
A - Dietary Intake to Prevent Disease
B - Neonatal Microbiome
X - Summary
References
Chapter-23---The-Microbiome-Gut-Brai_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotox
Chapter 23 - The Microbiome Gut–Brain Axis
I - Introduction
II - What is the human microbiome?
III - What is the gut–brain axis?
IV - Current knowledge on how the intestinal microbiota influences the gut–brain axis
V - Intestinal microbiota-derived neuroactive metabolites
VI - Neurological disorders
VII - Conclusions and research data gaps
Acknowledgments
Definitions for the gut–brain axis
References
Chapter-24---Drug-and-Chemical-Contaminants-in-Brea_2018_Handbook-of-Develop
Chapter 24 - Drug and Chemical Contaminants in Breast Milk: Effects on Neurodevelopment of the Nursing Infant
I - Introduction
II - Effects of breastfeeding on infant neurodevelopment
III - Exposure of nursing infants to drugs in breast milk
A - Mammary Gland Structure
B - Mechanisms of Xenobiotics Secretion Into Milk
1 - Ionization Characteristics
2 - Lipid Solubility
3 - Plasma Protein Binding
C - Quantitative Estimation of Infant Drug Exposure Via Breast Milk
IV - Effects of maternal exposure to environmental contaminants on the nursing infant
A - Metals and Inorganic Compounds
1 - Lead
2 - Methlymercury
3 - Arsenic
B - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)
1 - Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (Dioxins) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (Furans)
2 - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
V - Drugs and nonmedicinal substances
A - Marijuana (Cannabis)
B - Other Nonmedicinal and Medicinal Substances
VI - Information Resources
VII - Conclusions
References
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology2
Part V - Behavioral Assessment
Chapter-25---Behavioral-Phenotyping-in-Developmental-_2018_Handbook-of-Devel
Chapter 25
- Behavioral Phenotyping in Developmental Neurotoxicology—Simple Approaches Using Unconditioned Behaviors in Rodents
I - Introduction
II - Basic Considerations
III - Simple Unlearned Behaviors and Other Measures for Assessing Developmental Neurotoxicity
A - Measures of Physical Growth
B - Appearance of Physical Developmental Landmarks
C - Sleep–Activity Cycle
1 - Activity and Circadian Rhythms
2 - Sleep Cycle
D - Sensory Function
1 - Olfactory Orientation
2 - Auditory Startle Reflex
3 - Psychophysical Methods
4 - Other Tests of Sensory Deficits
E - Motor Development
1 - Primitive Motor Behaviors
2 - Other Motor Functions
F - Activity and Exploratory Behavior
1 - Activity
2 - Exploratory Behavior
3 - Pharmacologically Induced Changes in Locomotor Activity
G - Species- and Sex-Specific Behaviors
1 - Grooming
2 - Reproductive and Parental Behaviors
3 - Aggressive Behaviors
4 - Unlearned Social and Play Behaviors
5 - Ultrasonic Vocalizations
H - Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors
IV - Behavioral Test Batteries in Developmental Neurotoxicology
A - Test Batteries Designed for Rats
1 - Cincinnati Test Battery
2 - Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study Test Battery
3 - European Collaborative Study
B - Test Batteries Designed for Mice
C - Newer Rodent Testing Batteries for Rodents and Design Considerations
V - Conclusions
References
Chapter-26---Psychometric-Tools-to-Study-Cognition--Se_2018_Handbook-of-Deve
Chapter 26 - Psychometric Tools to Study Cognition, Sensory Functioning, and Social Behavior in Infant and Adolescent Nonhuman P...
I - Developmental Assessments for Young Macaque Infants (Birth to 3–4 Months of Age)
II - Assessing Cognition in Older Infants and Juveniles
III - Methodologies for Measuring Learning and Memory
IV - Tests of Cognition Suitable for Infant and Adolescent Monkeys
V - Raising the Bar on Difficulty: Measuring Complex Learning Abilities
VI - Tools to Measure Vision and Hearing
VII - Social Behavior in Play Groups and Mother–Infant Pairs
VIII - Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Chapter-27---Automated-Assessment-of-Cognitive_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta
Chapter 27 - Automated Assessment of Cognitive Function in Nonhuman Primates
I - Introduction
II - Measuring cognition very early in life
III - Evaluation of cognitive abilities from late infancy into adulthood
IV - Toxicological testing using operant methods during development
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-28---Determining-the-Validity-of-Preclinical_2018_Handbook-of-Develo
Chapter 28 - Determining the Validity of Preclinical Behavioral Assessments for Extrapolation to a Clinical Setting
I - Introduction
II - Ecological validity
III - Face validity
IV - Convergent validity
V - Construct validity
VI - Predictive validity
VII - Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Chapter-29---Behavioral-Outcome-as-a-Primary-Organiz_2018_Handbook-of-Develo
Chapter 29
- Behavioral Outcome as a Primary Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data in Developmental Neurotoxicity
I - Current Challenges in Risk Assessment
II - Organizing Principles for Mechanistic Data in Developmental Neurotoxicity are Needed Because the Brain is a “Complex A...
III - Changes in Mechanistic Function During Neurodevelopment and Developmental Toxic Exposure May be Indistinguishable
IV - Behavior as an Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data
A - Approaches for Using Behavior as an Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data
B - Examples of Using Behavior as an Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data
V - Using a Single Behavioral Outcome at a Single Developmental Stage to Develop a Hierarchy of Mechanistic Effects: Rearin...
VI - Which Mechanisms Have Been Associated With Mouse and Rat Rearing Behavior?
VII - Is There Mechanistic Evidence That Lead Exposure Disrupts Cholinergic Transmission?
VIII - How do We Understand Other Mechanistic Effects From Lead Exposure Relative to the Cholinergic System Disruption Indi...
IX - Does Evidence Suggest That Disruptions in the Cholinergic System Impact Glutamate/GABA Function?
X - What was Gained by Using Rearing Behavior at Preadolescence as a Starting Point for Organizing Extant Mechanistic Data?
XI - Limitations
XII - Using a Single Behavioral Outcome Measured at Multiple Developmental Stages to Understand the Salience of a Given Mec...
XIII - Bisphenol A as a Developmental Neurotoxicant
XIV - Anxiety as a Domain of Concern in BPA Risk Assessment
XV - EPM Anxiety and BPA Effects at Multiple Developmental Stages
XVI - What Brain Mechanisms are Relevant to EPM-Assessed Anxiety?
XVII - What Mechanism Pathways are Plausible Candidates for Developmental BPA Effects on EPM Anxiety?
A - GABA and Glutamate at One Life Stage
B - ERβ, Glutamate, and Spine Synapse Density Pathway
XVIII - What is Gained by Using Behavior as an Organizing Principle?
XIX - Limitations
XX - Concluding Remarks
References
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology3
Part VI - Clinical Assessment and Epidemiology
Chapter-30---Evaluation-of-the-Human-Ne_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuro
Chapter 30 - Evaluation of the Human Newborn Infant
I - Introduction
II - A First Impression
A - Pregnancy Outcome
B - Apgar Score
C - Neonatal Screening Programs
III - Neurobehavioral Evaluations
A - Neurologic Examination of the Full-Term Newborn Infant
B - Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
C - Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
D - Infants With Perinatal Risk Factors
1 - Neurobehavioral Examinations of the Preterm Infant
2 - General Movements
3 - NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
4 - The Assessment for Premature Infant Behavior
5 - Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program
6 - Infant Behavioral Assessment–Intervention Program
7 - Looking Behavior Assessment
8 - Pain Assessment
IV - Neuroimaging
A - Cranial Ultrasound
B - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1 - Diffusion Tensor Imaging
2 - Functional MRI
C - Transcranial Doppler
D - Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
V - Neurophysiological Assessments
A - Electroencephalogram
B - Evoked Potentials
1 - Auditory Brainstem Responses
2 - Visual Evoked Potentials
3 - Somatosensory Evoked Potential
VI - Perinatal Risk Scores
A - Clinical Risk for Babies and Score for Acute Neonatal Physiology
B - Perinatal Risk Inventory and Nursery Neurobiological Risk Score
C - New Perinatal Risk Scores
VII - Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-31---Neuropsychological-Assessment-of-Chil_2018_Handbook-of-Developm
Chapter 31 - Neuropsychological Assessment of Children in Studies of Developmental Neurotoxicity
I - Introduction
II - Selecting the Age at Which to Conduct a Neuropsychological Assessment
III - Considerations in Designing an Assessment Battery
IV - Interpretation
References
Chapter-32---Neurodevelopmental-Assessment-of_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental
Chapter 32 - Neurodevelopmental Assessment of the Older Infant and Child
I - Epidemiology of Pediatric Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Disorders
II - Toolkit for Evaluation
References
Chapter-33---Longitudinal-Studies-of-the-Effects-of_2018_Handbook-of-Develop
Chapter 33 - Longitudinal Studies of the Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Development and Behavior
I - Methodological Issues in the Study of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
A - Theoretical Model
B - Sample Selection and Assessment of Substance Use During Pregnancy
C - Selection of a Comparison Group and Measurement of Covariates
II - A Longitudinal Study of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: The Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project
A - Sample Selection and Study Design
B - Pattern of Cocaine Use and Sample Characteristics
C - Covariates of Cocaine Use
III - Results From the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project and Other Longitudinal Investigations of Pre...
A - Growth
B - Central Nervous System/Cognitive Development
C - Temperament/Mood
D - Behavior and Substance Use
IV - Conclusions
References
Chapter-34---Assessment-of-Case-Reports-an_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Ne
Chapter 34
- Assessment of Case Reports and Clinical Series
I - Introduction
II - Recognition of Patterns of Anomalies
III - Syndromes of Cognitive or Behavioral Abnormalities
IV - Limitations of Pattern Recognition
References
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology4
Part VII - Specific Neurotoxic Syndromes
Chapter-35---Fetal-Minamata-Disease--A-Human-Epis_2018_Handbook-of-Developme
Chapter 35
- Fetal Minamata Disease: A Human Episode of Congenital Methylmercury Poisoning
I - Introduction
II - Human Episodes
III - Neuropathology of Fetal Minamata Disease
A - Minamata Cases
B - Iraqi Cases
1 - Placental and Mammary Transfer
2 - Experimental Congenital Mercury Poisoning
a - Disruption of Neuronal Migration and Neural Cytoarchitecture
3 - Biomolecular Basis of Neurotoxicity in FMD
a - Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule
b - Neurocytoskeleton (Microtubules)
IV - Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter-36---The-Developmental-Neurotoxic_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neu
Chapter 36 -
The Developmental Neurotoxicity of Cadmium
I - Introduction
II - Prenatal and postnatal cadmium exposure
III - Mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity
IV - Neurobehavioral outcomes in animals
V - Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and adolescents
VI - Conclusions
References
Chapter-37---Developmental-Neurotoxicology-of-Lea_2018_Handbook-of-Developme
Chapter 37 -
Developmental Neurotoxicology of Lead: Neurobehavioral and Neurological Impacts
I - Lead Neurotoxicity in Children
A - Cognitive Function
B - Academic Achievement
C - Specific Mental Domains
D - Disturbances in Mood and Social Conduct
E - Summary
II - Neurological Effects of Lead Neurotoxicity in Animals: Cognition and Plasticity
A - Lead and Neurotransmitter Release
B - Lead and Glutamatergic NMDA Receptors
C - Lead Neurotoxicity and Synaptic Plasticity
D - Lead Exposure and the Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease
E - Lead and Retinal Function
F - Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Lead: Schedule-Controlled Behavior
G - Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Lead: Memory
H - Lead Neurotoxicity and Structural Synaptic Plasticity
I - Summary
References
Chapter-38---Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-D_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuroto
Chapter 38 -
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
I - Introduction
II - Epidemiology of Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy
III - Alcohol Mechanism of Action
A - Provocative Factors
B - Permissive Factors
IV - Epigenetics
V - Epidemiology of FASD and Economic Burden
VI - FASD Diagnosis
VII - FASD Disabilities
VIII - FASD and Mental Health
IX - FASD Challenges and Future Directions
X - FASD Prevention
XI - Conclusions
References
Chapter-39---Developmental-Neurotoxicity-of_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N
Chapter 39 -
Developmental Neurotoxicity of Nicotine and Tobacco
I - Tobacco and nicotine exposure during pregnancy
II - Epidemiological studies find neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with tobacco exposure in pregnancy
III - Animal models show that nicotine exposure during development causes neurobehavioral impairment
IV - Nicotine disrupts neuronal development
V - Neurotoxicity of other compounds in tobacco
VI - Second hand smoke
VII - Other nicotinic compounds
VIII - Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter-40---Developmental-Neurobehavioral-Ne_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental
Chapter 40 -
Developmental Neurobehavioral Neurotoxicity of Insecticides
I - Introduction
II - Organochlorines
A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity
B - Developmental Toxicity
III - Organophosphates
A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity
B - Developmental Neurotoxicity
IV - Carbamates
A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity
B - Developmental Neurotoxicity
V - Pyrethroids
A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity
B - Developmental Neurotoxicity
VI - Neonicotinoids
A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity
B - Developmental Neurotoxicity
VII - Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-41---Developmental-Exposure-to-Polychlorinated-_2018_Handbook-of-Dev
Chapter 41 -
Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Induces Deficits in Inhibitory Control and May Enhance Substanc...
I - Introduction
A - What Are Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)?
B - Environmental Toxicology and Bioaccumulation
II - Developmental Neurobehavioral Neurotoxicity of PCBs
A - PCBs Cause Inhibitory Control Deficits
B - PCBs Alter Psychostimulant Behavioral Pharmacology
III - Developmental PCB Exposure Impairs Dopamine Function
A - Stimulated Peak Dopamine Release Changes After Developmental PCB Exposure
B - Developmental PCB Exposure Alters Dopamine Transporter Activity
C - Dopamine Autoreceptor Sensitivity Increases After Developmental PCB Exposure
IV - Perinatal PCB Exposure Changes the Developing Brain, But Males May Be More Sensitive
V - Where Do We Go From Here?
A - Do PCBs Increase Psychostimulant Addiction Risk?
B - Future Research
References
Chapter-42---Developmental-Neurotoxicity-of_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N
Chapter 42 -
Developmental Neurotoxicity of General Anesthetics
I - Introduction
II - Classes of Anesthetics and Mechanisms of Action
III - Nonclinical Studies of Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity
A - General Anesthesia-Induced Apoptotic Neurodegeneration
B - General Anesthesia-Induced Deficits in Cognitive Function
C - Dose-Dependent and Duration-Dependent Effects
D - Combined Exposures
E - Mechanisms Responsible for Neurocognitive Dysfunction
IV - Clinical Studies
V - Protective Compounds
VI - Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-43---Maternal-Drug-Abuse-and-Adverse-Ef_2018_Handbook-of-Development
Chapter 43 - Maternal Drug Abuse and Adverse Effects on Neurobehavior of Offspring
I - Introduction
II - Opiates
A - Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
B - Neurobehavioral Outcomes for Older Infants/Children
C - Polydrug
D - Summary
III - Cocaine
A - The Newborn Period
B - Childhood
C - Adolescence
D - Summary
IV - Cannabinoids/Marijuana
A - The Newborn Period
B - Childhood
C - Adolescence
D - Summary
V - Methamphetamine
A - The Newborn Period
B - Childhood
C - Summary
VI - MDMA
VII - Transgenerational and Paternal Exposures
VIII - Summary
References
Chapter-44---Developmental-Neurotoxicology-_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N
Chapter Developmental Neurotoxicology of Antiepileptic Drugs
I - Introduction
II - Neurobehavioral Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Monotherapy Treatment
A - Phenobarbital
B - Phenytoin
C - Carbamazepine
D - Valproic Acid
E - Lamotrigine
F - Levetiracetam
III - Putative Underlying Causes of Neuroteratogenic Effects
A - Neurogenesis
B - Migration
C - Apoptosis
D - Synaptogenesis
IV - Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology7
Part VIII - Risk Assessment
Chapter-45---Current-Approaches-to-Risk-Assessm_2018_Handbook-of-Development
Chapter 45 - Current Approaches to Risk Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxicity
I - Introduction
II - Risk Assessment Paradigm and General Concepts
III - Conduct and Considerations in Developmental Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment
A - Hazard Identification
B - Human Data
C - Animal Toxicology Data
1 - Other Study Types
D - Other Data
E - Evidence Integration
F - Dose–Response Analysis
G - Exposure Assessment
H - Risk Characterization
IV - Common Data Gaps for DNT Studies of Environmental Chemicals
V - Summary
References
Chapter-46---Animal-Human-Concorda_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxic
Chapter 46 -
Animal/Human Concordance
I - Introduction
II - Human Conditions
A - Thyroid Toxicants
B - Methylmercury
C - Inorganic Lead
D - Phenytoin
E - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
F - Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
III - Assessment of Neurobehavioral Development in Infants and Children
A - Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder
B - Test Batteries for Infants and Children
IV - Animal Models
A - General Concepts and Indications
B - Alternative (Nonmammalian) Species
1 - Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
C - Regulatory Guidelines
1 - Pharmaceuticals: US FDA and ICH Guidelines
2 - DNT Guidelines (US EPA OCSPP 870.6300 and OECD TG 426)
3 - Other Guidelines (OECD TG 443)
D - Apical Tests
1 - Motor Activity
2 - Acoustic Startle Response (ASR)
3 - Neuropathology and Morphometry
V - Targeted Testing
A - Neurochemical (AChE and Thyroid Hormone)
B - Neurologic/Motor Function
C - Sensory Function
D - Cognition
E - Neuropathology and Morphometry
F - Socio-Sexual and Anxiety-Related Behaviors
G - In Vitro Test Systems
VI - Newer Models and Approaches
A - Imaging as a Biomarker of Developmental Insult and Lasting Effects
B - The Use of Microphysiological Systems to Simulate the Dynamic Functions
C - Use of the “Omic” Technologies
D - Additional Considerations for Assessing DNT
Abbreviations
References
Further Reading
Chapter-47---Physiologically-Based-Pharmacokinetic-M_2018_Handbook-of-Develo
Chapter 47 -
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models in the Risk Assessment of Developmental Neurotoxicants
I - Introduction
II - Construction and Evaluation of PBPK Models
A - Model Representation
B - Model Parameterization
C - Model Simulation
D - Model Validation and Evaluation
III - Brain Dosimetry in PBPK Models
IV - PBPK Modeling of Developmental Neurotoxicants
V - Application of PBPK Models in the Risk Assessment of Developmental Neurotoxicants
References
Chapter-48---Application-of-Quantitative-Dose-Respons_2018_Handbook-of-Devel
Chapter 48 - Application of Quantitative Dose–Response Data in Risk Assessment and the Incorporation of High-Throughput Data
I - Introduction
II - Problem Formulation
A - Planning and Scoping
B - Problem Formulation
III - Risk Assessment Fundamentals in the Federal Government
A - Maternal Effects
IV - Defining Adversity
V - Data From High-Throughput Assays
VI - Risk Quantitation
A - Quantifying the Point of Departure
B - Developing Uncertainty Factor Values
Acknowledgment
References
Index_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology