دانلود کتاب Innovative Trends in Hydrological and Environmental Systems: Select Proceedings of ITHES 2021

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Contents
About the Editors
Hydrological Risk Assessment of the Coastal Megacity Chennai Using DRASTIC Method and SWAT
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 SWAT Model
3.2 DRASTIC Method
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Surface Runoff Assessment
4.2 Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment
5 Conclusion
References
Analysis of Rainfall Data of Agartala Sadar, Tripura Using Statistical Approach
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Methodology
3.1 Trend Analysis
3.2 Extreme Value Analysis
3.3 Goodness-Of-Fit Tests
3.4 Diagnostic Test
4 Application
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Trend Analysis of Rainfall
5.2 EVA of Rainfall
5.3 Analysis of Results Based on GoF Tests
5.4 Analysis of Results Based on Diagnostic Test
6 Conclusions
References
Geo-Spatial Analysis of October 2020 Hyderabad Flood
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Flow Behavior in Surface Aeration System
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Air Pollution Minimization of a Municipal Solid Waste Transport Sector: An Integrated Solid Waste Management Model Simulation on Kolkata
1 Introduction
1.1 Air pollution- Environmental and Health Hazards
2 Present Solid Waste Management Scenario of Kolkata
2.1 Effects of Vehicular Pollution
2.2 Present Pollutant Emission from Solid Waste Transport Sector
3 Methodology
3.1 Development of Linear Programming Model
4 Result and Discussions
4.1 Air Pollution from Transport Sector of Proposed Model
4.2 Comparative Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Estimation of soil hydraulic properties in flood-prone zone of NIT Manipur Campus using Mini Disk Infiltrometer
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Determination of soil type and water content
2.3 Determination of hydraulic conductivity
2.4 Determination of infiltration rate by using empirical models
2.5 Statistical analysis
3 Results and Concluding Remarks
3.1 Types of soil and water content
3.2 Hydraulic conductivity
3.3 Comparison of Infiltration rate
3.4 Calculation of parametric value
3.5 Calculation of infiltration rate by empirical models
4 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Determination of Infiltration Rate in Imphal West District, Manipur: Field Study
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Infiltration Rate
4.2 Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
5 Conclusions
References
Drag Measurement of Coral Reef Monitoring Robot with Various Submergence & Cross-Flow Conditions—A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Current Meter Calibration Facility, CWPRS
3 Drag Force Evaluation
3.1 Theoretical Method
3.2 Model Testing Method
3.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Method
4 Drag Measurement of “AUVs” in Straight Open Tank
5 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)
5.1 Coral Reef Monitoring Robot (CBOT)
5.2 Factors Affecting Underwater Vehicle Motion
6 Drag Force Measurement
6.1 Experimental Setup
6.2 Procedure
6.3 Cross-Flow Condition
7 Test Results
8 Conclusions
Bibliography
A Remote Sensing, GIS Based Study on LULC Change Detection by Different Methods of Classifiers on Landsat Data
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Data Used and Methodology
3.1 Data Used
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Accuracy Assessment
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 LULC Classification
4.2 Change Detection
5 Conclusions
References
A Comparative Study on Treatment of  Industrial Wastewater Using Conventional Biomass and Chlorella Vulgaris
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Experimental Design
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Setup 1 (No Addition of Nutrient)
3.2 Setup II (Addition of Nutrient in Control Reactor)
4 Conclusion
References
Modeling the Urban Growth of Kochi Using Remote Sensing and GIS
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Collection
2.3 Classification of Images
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 LULC Mapping
3.2 Accuracy Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Classification
3.3 Data Summary
4 Summary
References
Design of IOT-Based Flood Warning System
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 IOT System
3.1 Data Transmission Technologies
3.2 Ultrasonic Sensor
3.3 Microcontroller Units
3.4 Telemetry Modules
3.5 Arduino IDE
3.6 User Interface
4 Methodology
5 Flood Warning System
5.1 Artificial and Deep Neural Networks
5.2 Convolutional Deep Neural Network
6 Results
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Impact of Climate Change on Precipitation Over India Using CMIP-6 Climate Models
1 Introduction
2 Data and Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Summary and Conclusion
References
On the Prediction of Extreme Wave Heights Under Cyclonic Events for the Design of Coastal Structures Situated at Remote Islands in Deep Sea
1 Introduction
2 Data Used for the Study
3 Details of Forcing to Numerical Model
3.1 Parametric Models of Tropical Cyclone
4 Details of Numerical Model
4.1 Hydrodynamic Model
4.2 Wind Wave Model
5 Simulation Results and Discussion
6 Extreme Value Analysis of Hindcast Wave Heights
7 Conclusions
References
Forecast of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-a Using ARIMA, South-Eastern Arabian Sea, Karnataka, India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Gap Filling of Missing Data
2.3 Statistical Approach for Forecasting
2.4 Model Validation
3 Results and Discussion
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Experimental Comparison of Hydraulic Jump Characteristics and Energy Dissipation Between Sluice Gate and Radial Gate
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Experimental Set-Up
2.2 Procedure
2.3 Data Collection
2.4 Basic Equation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Sequent Depth Ratio (y2/y1)
3.2 Hydraulic Jump Height (Hj)
3.3 Length of Hydraulic Jump (Lj)
3.4 Energy Loss (∆E)
4 Conclusions
References
Assessment of Soil Erosion in Karamana Watershed by RUSLE Model Using Remote Sensing and GIS
1 Introduction
1.1 Study Area
1.2 Data Sources
2 Methodology
2.1 RUSLE Parameter Estimation
2.2 Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity Factor (R)
2.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
2.4 Topographic Factor (LS)
2.5 Land Management Factor (C)
2.6 Conservation Practice Factor (P)
2.7 Annual Average Soil Erosion (A)
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 R Factor
3.2 K Factor
3.3 LS Factor
3.4 C Factor
3.5 Annual Average Soil Erosion
3.6 Suggestions to Reduce Soil Loss in Karamana Watershed
4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Meteorological Drought Using IMD 0.25° Gridded Dataset for Marathwada Region
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area Details
2.2 Dataset Used
2.3 Standardized Precipitation Index
2.4 P10 of Percentage Drought Frequency
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Drought Frequency Analysis
3.2 Drought Severity Analysis
3.3 P10 of Percentage Drought Frequency
4 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Rainfall Disaggregation Models for the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Multiplicative Random Cascade Model
2.3 Performance Evaluation Model
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Parameter Estimation
3.2 Evaluation of the Models
3.3 Rainfall Depth and Distributions
3.4 Dry Proportions
4 Summary and Conclusions
Appendix: Proof for MKP of Log Poisson beta Model
References
Experimental Study on Pressure Flow Due to Vertical Contraction
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
2.1 Laboratory Flume and Model Bridges
2.2 Components of PIV
2.3 Image Acquisition and Calibration
3 Processing of PIV Images
4 Postprocessing of the Data
4.1 Temporal Averaging
4.2 Spatial Averaging
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Validation of the Experimental Data
5.2 Vertical Contraction Experiment
6 Conclusions
References
Impact Assessment of Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes on Hydrology and Storm Water Drain Network in Yelhanka Watershed, Bangalore
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Methodology for Reliability Analysis of SWDs
2.2 Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
3 Case Study
4 Results and Concluding Remarks
References
Evaluating Different Approaches to Model Land Use and Land Cover Change—A Case Study on Yelahanka Urban Watershed, Bangalore
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Markov Chain Model
2.2 CA-Markov Model
3 Case Study
3.1 Study Area and Data
3.2 Prediction of Future Lulc Maps and Their Validation
4 Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Identification of Suitable Sites for Urban Solid Waste Disposal of GVMC Area, Visakhapatnam by Multicriteria Spatial Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Method
4 Results
4.1 Slope
4.2 Land Use and Land Cover
4.3 Geomorphology Maps
4.4 Soil Map
4.5 Geology Map
4.6 Drainage Map
4.7 Transportation Map:
4.8 Tank Map
4.9 Groundwater Table Map
4.10 Drainage Density Map
4.11 Drainage Buffer Map
5 Discussions
6 Conclusion
References
Effect of Identification of Extremes on Regional Flood Frequency Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Case Study
3.1 Study Area and Data
3.2 Results and Discussion
4 Summary and Conclusions
Appendix
References
Modelling of Air Pollution Dispersion in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
1 Introduction
1.1 Study Area
2 Methodology
2.1 Characteristics of the Study Area
2.2 Data Collection
2.3 Estimate Air Pollution Dispersion Using ADMS-Urban Software
2.4 Preparation of Dispersion Map and Trend Analysis in ArcGIS
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Dispersion Maps
3.2 Trend Analysis
4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Analysis of Unsteady Flow Using HEC-RAS and GIS Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methodology
3.1 One-Dimensional Flow Modeling
3.2 Two-Dimensional Flow Modeling
4 Results and Concluding Remarks
References
Potential of Green Roofs in Heat Stress Mitigation—A Case of Nagpur City
1 Introduction
1.1 Green Roofs for Urban Ecosystem Management
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 InVEST Urban Cooling Model
2.3 Scenario-based Land Use Changes
3 Results and Discussion
4 Challenges and Gaps
5 Conclusions
References
Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using GIS Techniques in Part of Udupi District, Karnataka, Southern India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Sampling and Analytical Techniques
2.3 Water Quality Index Calculation
2.4 Assessment of Human Health Risk
2.5 Data Analysis in GIS
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 General Hydrogeochemistry
3.2 Groundwater Quality Index
3.3 Human Health Risk of Nitrate
4 Conclusions
References
MHD Flow Past Semi-Infinite Inclined Vertical Cylinder Under the Influence of Inclined Magnetic Field
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Formulation
3 Results
4 Optimum Nusselt Number Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Selection of Suitable General Circulation Model Outputs of Precipitation for a Humid Tropical Basin
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Datasets
2.3 Performance Indicators
2.4 Weight Computing Techniques
2.5 Multi-criterion Decision-Making (MCDM)
2.6 Spearman Rank Correlation
2.7 Group Decision-Making
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Compromise Programming for Selection of GCMs
3.2 PROMETHEE-2 for Selection of GCMs
3.3 Group Decision-Making
4 Conclusions
References
Extraction of Water Surface Bodies for Pakhal Lake, India Using GEE
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Collection of Data
3 Methods
3.1 Methodology
3.2 NDVI and NDWI
3.3 Image Classification
3.4 Global Surface Water Explorer
3.5 Water Occurrence Change Intensity (WOCI)
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Soil Water Crop Compatibility Using RS and GIS Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Diagnosing the Important Morphometric Parameters for Water Resource Management of Geba River Basin, Tigray, Ethiopia
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Materials
2.1 Description of the Study Area
2.2 Data and Data Processing
2.3 Morphometric Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Bifurcation Ratio
3.2 Form Factor
3.3 Elongation Ratio
3.4 Circulatory Ratio
3.5 Compactness Coefficient
3.6 Stream Frequency
3.7 Drainage Density
3.8 Drainage Texture
3.9 Infiltration Number
3.10 Length of Overland Flow
3.11 Constant of Channel Maintenance
3.12 Basin Relief
3.13 Relief Ratio
3.14 Ruggedness Number
3.15 Channel Gradient
3.16 Basin Slope
3.17 Aspect Map
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Validation and Correction of GSMaPGauge Product Over the Nagavali Basin in Eastern India
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Data
3.1 Observed Rainfall Data
3.2 GSMaP Rainfall Data
4 Methods
4.1 Validation Metrics
4.2 Bias Correction of GSMaPGauge Rainfall
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Spatial Analysis of the Statistical Indices
5.2 Spatial Analysis of the Contingency Statistics
5.3 Error Decomposition
5.4 Bias Correction
6 Conclusions
References
Estimation of Soil Loss Using RS and GIS Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
3.1 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Investigating the Drought Teleconnections of Peninsular India Using Partial and Multiple Wavelet Coherence
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
2.2 Continuous Wavelet Transform
2.3 Bivariate Wavelet Coherence (BWC)
2.4 Partial Wavelet Coherence (PWC)
2.5 Multiple Wavelet Coherence (MWC)
2.6 Computation of Significant Coherence
2.7 Methodology
3 Study Area and Data
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform
4.2 Wavelet Coherence Analysis
4.3 Partial Wavelet Coherence Analysis
4.4 Multiple Wavelet Coherence Analysis
4.5 Analysis of Significant Coherence
5 Conclusions
References
Development of Hybrid Wavelet Artificial Neural Network Model for Downscaling Precipitation and Temperature
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Data
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data
3 Methodology
3.1 Selection of Potential Predictors
3.2 Standardization of Data
3.3 Hybrid Wavelet ANN Model
3.4 Performance Indices
4 Results and Discussion
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modelling and Design for Computing the Internal Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Final Clarifier
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 CFD Model
2.2 CFD Domain and Boundary Conditions
2.3 Full-Scale Model of a Final Clarifier Tank
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval Over Partially Vegetated Areas from the Remote Sensing Data Using a Modified Water Cloud Model
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Data Collection
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Satellite Data Collection and Processing
3 Methodology
3.1 Field Measurement of Surface Soil Moisture (SSM)
3.2 Water Cloud Model (WCM)
3.3 Estimation of Vegetation Indices Using Landsat 8 OLI Data
3.4 Estimation of Vegetation Water Content for WCM and MWCM
3.5 Development of the SSM Model
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 WCM and MWCM Calibration
4.2 Validation of MWCM
4.3 Multi-temporal Surface Soil Moisture Maps
5 Conclusions
References
Bias Correction of Regional Climate Models for Streamflow Forecasting
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Data
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data
3 Methodology
3.1 Bias Correction
3.2 Description of the SWAT Model
3.3 SWAT Model Setup
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Bias Correction of RCM Data
4.2 SWAT Model Calibration and Validation
4.3 Future Projections of Streamflow
5 Conclusion
References
Performance Evaluation of Hydraid Zeolite Filter
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
5 Appendix
References
Flood Mapping Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data
1 Introduction
2 Study area
3 Methodology
3.1 Pre-processing of SAR Images
3.2 Classification of the Flooded Area
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Application of a SWAT Model for Estimating Runoff and Other Hydrological Parameters in Cauvery River Sub-basins
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Input Data
3.1 Land Use/Land Cover
3.2 Soil Classes
4 Methodology
4.1 SWAT Model
4.2 SWAT Model Setup
5 Results and Discussions
6 Conclusions
References
44 Recent Advances in Pluvial Flash Flood Forecasting of India
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Hydrological Cycle
3.2 Physical Modeling
3.3 Lumped Model
3.4 SAC-SMA Hydrological Modeling
3.5 Operational Concept of Flash Flood Guidance System
3.6 SAsiaFFGS System Configuration and Interface
3.7 Real-Time Input Data to SASIAFFGS
3.7.1 Gridded Global Hydro-Estimator (GHE) Satellite Precipitation
3.7.2 Gridded Microwave Adjusted GHE (MWGHE) Satellite Precipitation
3.7.3 Regional/ National Gauge Surface Meteorological Data
3.7.4 Gridded Numerical Weather Prediction Data
IMD WRF
IMD GFS
NCMRWF NCUM
3.8 Satellite Bias Adjustment
4 Deliverables
4.1 Diagnostic Products
4.1.1 Merged Mean Areal Precipitation (MAP)
4.1.2 SACSMA Average Soil Moisture (ASM)
4.1.3 Flash Flood Guidance (FFG)
4.2 Threat Products
4.2.1 Imminent Flash Flood Threat (IFFT)
4.2.2 Persistence Flash Flood Threat (PFFT)
4.3 Prognostic Products
4.3.1 Forecast Mean Areal Precipitation (FMAP)
4.3.2 Forecast Flash Flood Threat (FFFT)
4.3.3 Flash Flood Risk (FFR)
5 Validation of the Operational Flash Flood Guidance System with a Case Study
5.1 Event Occurred
5.2 Synoptic Conditions
5.3 Rainfall Warnings, if Any
5.4 Diagnostic Conditions
5.5 Hydrological Trigger Generation
5.6 Advisories/Alerts for Impact Based Flash Flood Guidance
5.7 Observations
5.8 Skill of System for Pluvial Flash Floods
6 Results and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Evaluation of Effluent Quality and Operating Cost in Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants with Non-ideal Sensors in the Feedback Control
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 WWTP Architecture
2.2 Plant Performance Criteria
2.3 Operational Cost Index (OCI)
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Control Approaches
3.2 Simulation Outcomes
4 Conclusions
References
Climate Change Impact on the Groundwater Resources of Nagavali Basin Using QSWAT Model
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Data and Methods
3.1 Data
3.2 Methodology
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Bias Correction
4.2 Trend Analysis
4.3 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge
5 Conclusions
References
Hydrological Appraisal of Munneru River Basin Using SWAT Model
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Used
2.3 SWAT
2.4 SWAT CUP
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Hydrological Modelling of Ungauged Tanks in SWAT Using BHUVAN Data
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Data Used
4 Methodology
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Cost-Effective Methodology to Quantify the Submarine Groundwater Discharge from Coastal Unconfined Aquifers
1 Introduction
1.1 What Is Submarine Groundwater Discharge?
1.2 Methods to Detect and Quantify SGD
1.3 Why Is SGD Significant?
1.4 Effects of SGD in Coastal Ecosystem
1.5 SGD Versus Saltwater Intrusion
1.6 Why Is a Cost-Effective Methodology Needed to Quantify SGD?
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Ground Elevation Profile
2.2 Hydraulic Head Measurements
2.3 Porewater Profile
2.4 Seepage Meter Measurements
3 Coastal aquifers and SGD
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Beach Profile
4.2 Porewater Variations
4.3 Seepage Rates Measurement
5 Limitations
6 Conclusion
References
Effect of Grid Type on the Flow Field Predictions in Baffled Circular Surface Aeration Tanks
1 Introduction
2 Surface Aeration Tank Configuration
3 Numerical Grid Development
4 Governing Equations
5 Computational Methodology
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Numerical Convergence
6.2 Accuracy of Flow Field Predictions
7 Conclusions
References
Assessment of Environmental Flows of Tungabhadra River Using Global Environmental Flow Calculator
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Data Used
3 Methodology
3.1 Flow Health
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Geographic Information System-Based Appraisal of Groundwater Quality Index of the Dimoria Block, Assam, India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Acquisition
2.3 GIS Based Analysis
2.4 GWQI Computation
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Rising Temperatures and Its Impacts on Thermal Comfort and Productivity—A Case Study from Select Workplaces in Southern India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Method
2.1 Study Design
3 Results
4 Discussion
4.1 Heat Stress Profiles and Thermal Discomfort
4.2 Workers Perception of Thermal Comfort on Productivity Loss
5 Conclusion
References
SWAT Modeling and Water Quality Analysis of Meenachil River, Kerala
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model
2.2 Study Area
3 Data Collection
3.1 DEM (Digital Elevation Model)
3.2 Climate Data
3.3 Land Use/Land Cover
3.4 Soil Data
3.5 Streamflow Data
3.6 Water Quality Data
4 Model Application
5 Evaluation of Model Performance
6 Results and Discussions
6.1 Watershed Delineation
6.2 HRU (Hydrologic Response Unit) Generation
6.3 Calibration and Validation of the Model
6.4 SWAT Model Results
7 Conclusion
References
Physical and Hydro Geochemical Impact Assessment of Inactive Mines in and Around Southwestern Part of Cuddapah Basin Using a Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Conceptual Site Modeling (CSM)
5 Inactive Mines Sites
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Environmental Impact of Inactive Mine Lands
7 Chemical Impact of Inactive Mine Sites
7.1 Chemical Contamination of Underground Aquifers
8 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Analysis of Groundwater Level Fluctuation Near the Rejuvenated Tank Under Mission Kakatiya
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
3.1 Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Level Fluctuation
3.2 Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level Fluctuation
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Annual Groundwater Level Fluctuations Using Spatial Analysis
4.2 Annual Groundwater Level Variations Using Trend Analysis
4.3 Pre-monsoon Spatial Analysis
4.4 Pre-monsoon Trend Analysis
4.5 Post-monsoon Spatial Analysis
4.6 Post-monsoon Trend Analysis
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Decolorization of Azo Dye-Contaminated Water using Microbes: A Review
1 Introduction
1.1 Methods of Degradation
1.2 Physical Azo Dye Reduction
1.3 Chemical Azo Dye Reduction
1.4 Biotic Methods
2 Conditions Affecting Decolorization
2.1 Effect of Oxygen and Mixing
2.2 Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources Addition/removal
2.3 Effect of Temperature
2.4 Effect of pH
2.5 Effect of Dye Concentration
2.6 Effect of Dye Structure
2.7 Effect of Electron Donor
3 Methods of Analysis
4 Future Work
5 Conclusions
References