دانلود کتاب Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume 2, Complex Constructions

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Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 14
Tables......Page 15
Contributors......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Abbreviations and symbols......Page 19
Symbols used in Chapter 6......Page 24
0 Introduction......Page 25
1 Types and positions of coordinators......Page 30
1.1 Asyndetic coordination......Page 31
1.2 Monosyndetic coordination......Page 32
1.3 Bisyndetic coordination......Page 34
1.4 Multiple coordinands......Page 35
1.5 The scope of coordinators......Page 38
2.1 Conjunction and disjunction......Page 39
2.2 Emphatic negative coordination......Page 41
3 Types of coordinands......Page 43
4 Semantic subtypes of coordination......Page 46
4.1 Semantic subtypes of conjunction......Page 47
4.2 Semantic subtypes of disjunction......Page 49
5 Some special strategies of conjunction......Page 52
5.1 Comitative conjunction......Page 53
5.2 Inclusory conjunction......Page 57
5.3 Summary conjunction......Page 60
6 Ellipsis in coordination......Page 61
7 Delimiting coordination......Page 69
7.1 Coordination versus dependency/subordination......Page 70
7.2 Degrees of grammaticalization......Page 72
7.3 Is coordination universal?......Page 73
8 Appendix: terminological issues......Page 74
9 Suggestions for further reading......Page 75
0 Introduction......Page 76
1.1 Complement types......Page 77
1.2 Complementizers......Page 79
1.3.1 Sentence-like complement types......Page 83
1.3.2 Indicative versus subjunctive sentence-like complements......Page 85
1.3.3 Paratactic complements and verb serialization in complementation......Page 89
1.3.4 Infinitive complements......Page 91
1.3.5 Nominalized complements......Page 94
1.3.6 Participial complements......Page 96
2 The syntax of complementation......Page 98
2.1 Equi-deletion......Page 99
2.2 Raised arguments......Page 103
2.3 Incorporation of reduced complements into the matrix......Page 107
2.4 Parataxis and serialization......Page 111
2.5 Distribution of complements within sentences......Page 116
2.6 Sequence of tense / mood restrictions......Page 122
2.7 Negative raising......Page 124
3 The semantics of complementation......Page 125
3.1.1 Mood distinctions......Page 126
3.1.2 Degree of reduction......Page 135
3.1.3 Complementizers......Page 138
3.1.4 Manner of syntactic relation to the matrix......Page 140
3.1.5 Grammatical status of the complement predicate......Page 142
3.2 The classes of complement-taking predicates......Page 144
3.2.1 Utterance predicates......Page 145
3.2.2 Propositional attitude predicates......Page 148
3.2.3 Pretence predicates......Page 150
3.2.4 Commentative predicates (factives)......Page 151
3.2.5 Predicates of knowledge and acquisition of knowledge......Page 153
3.2.6 Predicates of fearing......Page 154
3.2.7 Desiderative predicates......Page 156
3.2.8 Manipulative predicates......Page 160
3.2.9 Modal predicates......Page 161
3.2.11 Phasal predicates (aspectuals)......Page 163
3.2.12 Immediate perception predicates......Page 166
3.2.14 Conjunctive predicates......Page 168
4 Complement systems......Page 169
5 A note on noun complementation......Page 171
6 Obtaining information about complement systems......Page 173
7 Suggestions for further reading......Page 174
1 Simple noun phrases......Page 175
1.1 Articles......Page 176
1.2 The notion of ‘determiner’......Page 185
1.3 Demonstratives......Page 186
1.4 Numerals......Page 188
1.5 Plural words......Page 190
1.6 Adjectives......Page 192
1.7 Nouns used as modifiers......Page 198
1.9 Interrogative modifiers......Page 199
2.1.1 Genitive constructions with nominal possessors......Page 201
2.1.2 Pronominal possessors......Page 206
2.1.3 Multiple genitive constructions......Page 208
2.1.4 Alienable and inalienable possession......Page 209
2.1.5 Nonreferential genitives......Page 214
2.3 Relative clauses......Page 215
3 Noun phrases without nouns......Page 217
3.1 Noun phrases with only ‘modifying’ words......Page 218
3.2 Headless relative clauses......Page 221
3.3 Noun clauses......Page 227
4 Conclusion......Page 228
Suggestions for further reading......Page 229
0 Introduction......Page 230
1.1.1 External rcs......Page 232
1.1.2 Internal rcs......Page 236
1.1.3 Free rcs......Page 237
1.2 Adjoined rcs......Page 238
2.1 Marking......Page 241
2.2 Pronominalization......Page 243
2.3 Movement......Page 244
2.4 Omission......Page 246
3 Constraints on the function of nprel......Page 247
3.1 Island constraints......Page 248
3.2.1 Subjects......Page 250
3.2.2 Objects, indirect objects, and obliques......Page 253
4 The treatment of srel......Page 255
4.1 Reduction and nominalization......Page 256
4.2 Marking the function of nprel......Page 257
5 Suggestions for further reading......Page 259
1 Characterization of adverbial clauses......Page 261
2.1 Clauses that can be substituted by a single word......Page 267
2.1.1 Time clauses......Page 269
2.1.3 Manner clauses......Page 273
2.2.1 Purpose and reason clauses......Page 274
2.2.2 Circumstantial clauses......Page 277
2.2.3 Simultaneous clauses......Page 278
2.2.4 Conditional clauses......Page 279
2.2.5 Concessive clauses......Page 286
2.2.6 Substitutive clauses......Page 287
2.2.8 Absolutive clauses......Page 288
2.3 Summary......Page 290
4 Borrowed subordinators......Page 291
0 Introduction......Page 293
1 Adverbial clauses and discourse movement......Page 295
2 Cohesion between successive paragraphs......Page 296
3 Cohesion within the paragraph......Page 299
3.1.1 Adverbial clauses in prior-time margins......Page 300
3.1.2 Adverbial clauses in concurrent-time margins......Page 303
3.1.3 Adverbial clauses in reason margins......Page 304
3.1.4 Adverbial clauses in conditional margins......Page 307
3.1.5 Adverbial clauses in purpose margins......Page 309
3.1.6 Adverbial clauses in concessive margins......Page 310
3.3 Adverbial clauses for local background......Page 312
3.5 Lexical overlap as conjunction (particle)......Page 314
3.6 Adverbial clauses as topics......Page 315
4.1 Functional differences between preposed and postposed adverbial clauses......Page 319
4.2 Functional equivalents to postposed clauses in head-final languages......Page 321
6 Suggestions for further reading......Page 323
0 Introduction......Page 325
0.1 Conversation in focus......Page 326
0.2 Linguistic structure emerging for and from interaction......Page 327
0.3 Speech as process......Page 328
1 Turn-taking and sequentiality as building blocks of the organization of interaction......Page 329
1.1 Turn-taking organization......Page 330
1.2 Sequence organization......Page 339
1.3 Summary......Page 345
2.1 Subjectivity in linguistics......Page 346
2.2 Patterns of subjectivity in natural discourse......Page 349
2.3 Widening the picture: subjectivity as arising from the interaction......Page 356
3.1 Self-repair as a syntactic and interactional phenomenon......Page 360
3.2 Initiation of same-turn self-repair......Page 363
3.3 Morphological repair......Page 369
3.4.1 Delaying the next noun due......Page 371
3.4.2 Scope of backing up in the utterance when repairing......Page 372
4.1 What is a co-construction?......Page 379
4.2 Typical conversational contexts for co-constructions......Page 381
4.3 Grammatical constraints on co-constructions......Page 388
4.5 Summary......Page 393
5 Conclusion......Page 394
6 Appendix......Page 395
1.1 Nucleus, base, and margin......Page 396
1.3 Co-ranking and chaining structures......Page 398
1.4 Methods of cohesion......Page 400
2 Notions that encode within sentence structure......Page 401
2.1.2 Contrast......Page 402
2.3.1 Overlap......Page 403
2.4.1 Conditionality......Page 404
2.4.3 Counterfactuality......Page 405
2.5.3 Paraphrase in which there is loss of information in the second base......Page 406
2.6.2 Exemplification......Page 407
2.8 Attribution......Page 408
2.9.2 Frustrated implication......Page 409
3.1.1......Page 410
3.1.3......Page 411
3.2 Ibaloi (Philippines)......Page 412
3.3 Chicahuaxtla Trique (Mexico)......Page 417
4 Medial–final chaining structures......Page 422
4.1 The distinctive features of medial–final clause chaining......Page 423
4.2 The germinal notions and their development (in Papua New Guinea)......Page 426
4.3 Relations superimposed over chaining (Wojokeso, Papua New Guinea)......Page 428
4.4 Medial–final clause chaining in South America......Page 435
4.5 The problem of the ‘endless’ sentence......Page 440
5 Initial–consecutive chaining structures......Page 441
7 Conclusion......Page 444
Bibliography......Page 445
Language index......Page 474
Subject index......Page 478