دانلود کتاب MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN SPERMATOGENESIS

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Preface
Contents
About the Editors
The Seminiferous Epithelial Cycle of Spermatogenesis: Role of Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Introduction
Junctional and Cytoskeletal Dynamics in the Testis
NRTKs: Membrane Targeting and Dynamic Localization
NRTKs and Endocytosis During Spermatogenesis
Concluding Remarks
References
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Testicular Immune Regulation: A Delicate Balance Between Immune Function and Immune Privilege
Introduction
The Good: Testis Immune Privilege
Mechanism(s) of Immune Privilege
The Bad and the Ugly: The Testis as a Sanctuary Site for Pathogens and Cancer
Viruses
Bacteria
Cancer
Activation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Summary
References
Immunologic Environment of the Testis
Introduction
Immune Privilege in the Testis
Features of Immune Privilege in the Testis
Testicular Immunosuppressive Milieu
Negative Immunoregulatory System
Role of Leukocytes in Immune Privilege
Peripheral Immune Tolerance to Male Germ Cell Antigens
Innate Defense Against Microbial Infections in the Testis
Interferons and Antiviral Protein
Antimicrobial Defensins
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
TLRs in Sertoli Cells
PRRs in Leydig Cells
PRRs in Male Germ Cells
TLR-Initiated Immune Responses in Testicular Macrophages (TMs)
Orchitis
Infectious Orchitis
Autoimmune Orchitis
Conclusions
References
Unraveling the Regulation of Cancer/Testis Antigens in Tumorigenesis Through an Analysis of Normal Germ Cell Development in Rodents
Introduction
Approaches Used for Analysis
A Subset of CT Antigens Belongs to the Core Fitness Gene Family
Multiple CT Antigens Are Under the Control of Super-Enhancers (SEs)
DNA Methyltransferase DNMT1 Is Involved in the Regulation of CT Antigen Expression
The Expression of CT Antigen TAF7L Is Regulated by DNA Methylation in Cancers
TAF7L Regulates the Expression of Other CT Antigens
Discussion and Concluding Remarks
Summary
References
Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CXADR): Recent Findings and Its Role and Regulation in Spermatogenesis
Introduction
CXADR Isoforms and Their Molecular Structure
Phenotypes of CXADR Knockout Mice
Functions and Regulation of CXADR
CXADR as a Virus Receptor
CXADR as a Cell Junction Component
CXADR as a Signalling Platform
Role of CXADR in Spermatogenesis
Regulation of CXADR in Testicular Cells
Conditional CXADR Knockouts Unfold the Physiological Significance of CXADR
Omics Analyses of SC-CXADR−/− Testes
Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
References
Leydig Cell and Spermatogenesis
Introduction
The Development of Leydig Cells
The Fetal Leydig Cell
The Neonatal Leydig Cell
The Adult Leydig Cell
Steroidogenesis in Leydig Cells
The Sources of Cholesterol in Leydig Cells
Cholesterol Transportation Within Leydig Cells
Androgen Synthetic Pathways
CYP11A1 Catalysis
HSD3B Catalysis
CYP17A1 Catalysis
HSD17B3 Catalysis
SRD5A1 Catalysis
AKR1C14 Catalysis
Testosterone Secretion
Regulation of Leydig Cell Development and Function
Onset and Maintenance of Spermatogenesis by Testosterone
Pharmacological Treatment of Androgens
Androgen Action on Sertoli Cells
Conclusion
References
Motor Proteins and Spermatogenesis
Introduction
Sertoli Cell Cytoskeletons in the Testis
Actin-Based Cytoskeleton
MT-Based Cytoskeleton
Motor Proteins
MT-Based Motor Proteins: Dynein and Kinesin
Dynein
Kinesin
F-actin-Based Motor Proteins: Myosins
Myosins
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Male Infertility in Humans: An Update on Non-obstructive Azoospermia (NOA) and Obstructive Azoospermia (OA)
Introduction
Genetic Mutation(s)
DNA Methylation
Chromosomal Aberrations and Y chromosome (Yq) Microdeletions
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Androgen Actions in the Testis and the Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Testosterone Production and Levels in the Testis
A Concise Review of Spermatogenesis and the Processes that Require Testosterone
Testosterone Signaling Pathways
The Absence of Testosterone Signaling Blocks Testis Descent Causing Azoospermia
Cell- and Temporal-Specific Expression of AR in the Testis
Androgen-Mediated Autocrine and Paracrine Signaling Between Somatic Cells in the Testis
Testosterone Is Required to Maintain the Blood-Testis Barrier
Over-Expression of AR in Sertoli Cells Results in Fewer Sertoli and Germ Cells
Does Testosterone Regulate the Number of Gonocytes and Spermatogonia?
Evidence against Expression of Functional AR in Germ Cells after Birth
Expansion of Spermatogonia Is Associated with Testosterone Signaling
Androgen and AR Are Required to Complete Meiosis
Androgen Is Required for the Attachment and Release of Elongated Spermatids
Identification of Androgen-Regulated Genes Using Mouse Models
Synergism and Antagonism of Androgen and FSH Signaling
Summary and Future Directions
References
Use of Molecular Modeling to Study Spermatogenesis: An Overview Using Proteins in Sertoli Cells
Spermatogenesis
Sertoli Cell Proteins: An Overview
Homology Modelling, Molecular Docking Analysis of Proteins in Understanding Sertoli Cell Function and Spermatogenesis
References
Destruction or Reconstruction: A Subtle Liaison between the Proteolytic and Signaling Role of Protein Ubiquitination in Spermatogenesis
Background
Proteolytic Functions of the Ub System along Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonial Development
Meiosis
Meiotic Entry
Meiotic Progression
Spermiogenesis
Chromatin Condensation
Acrosome Biogenesis and Axoneme Development
Mitochondria Reorganization
Non-proteolytic Functions of the Ub System along Spermatogenesis
NP-Ub System and Meiotic DNA
NP-Ub System and Spermiogenesis
NP-Ub System and Activation of Silenced Genes
NP-Ub System and Acrosome Biogenesis
Passing of the Baton Between Non-Proteolytic Functions and Proteolytic Functions of the Ub System in Sperm Biology
Concluding Remark
References
Spermiation: Insights from Studies on the Adjudin Model
Introduction
Adjudin Targets both Actin- and Microtubule (MT)-Based Cytoskeletons
Rats Treated with Adjudin as a Model for Studying Sperm Release
Rats Treated with Adjudin as a Model for Studying Elimination of the Spermatid Cytoplasm
Rats Treated with Adjudin as a Model for Studying Spermatid Orientation
Concluding Remarks
References
Regulation of Human Spermatogenesis
Introduction
Leydig Cells
Sertoli Cells
Peritubular Cells
Immune Cells and Inflammatory Regulation
Germ Cells
Spermatogonia
Spermatocytes
Spermatids
Genes and Non-Coding RNA
Conclusion
References
Testicular Torsion and Spermatogenesis
Introduction
Patient Presentation
Patient Evaluation
Mechanisms of Testicular Torsion
Clinical Management
Effect on Fertility and Spermatogenesis
Abnormal Semen Parameters
Clinical Pregnancy Rates
Mechanisms of Torsion-Induced Deficits to Spermatogenesis
Ischemia, Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) Injury and Oxidative Stress
Treating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury & Oxidative Stress
Pharmacologic Agents
Natural Extracts
Endogenous Hormones & Analogues
Physical Therapies
Other Mechanisms
Auto-Antibodies
Congenital Abnormalities & Intermittent Torsion
Conclusion
References
Testis Toxicants: Lesson from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Introduction
α-Solanine Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Mouse Testes
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References