دانلود کتاب Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: Regulation and Function

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Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Organization......Page 20
Introduction......Page 21
Dreams in religion and philosophy......Page 22
Dreams and science......Page 23
Contemporary dream use in story, religion, and science......Page 25
References......Page 26
Dreaming and the sleep EEG......Page 28
Dreaming and cortical connectivity in sleep......Page 29
The PGO wave, phasic activity in sleep, and its relation to dreaming......Page 30
Limbic activation in association with REM saccades......Page 31
Neuroimaging of REM sleep......Page 32
REM neuromodulation and dreaming......Page 33
Neuronal networks generating dream phenomenology......Page 34
Dynamic interactions of brain networks during REM sleep dreaming......Page 36
References......Page 37
Background and introduction......Page 41
Rapid eye movement sleep and dream sleep......Page 42
What are the Upanishads?......Page 43
Where does the Vedic and Upanishadic knowledge lead us?......Page 44
Can the Turiya state provide some explanation?......Page 45
Masking and unmasking of expressions defining various states......Page 46
The Turiya state is a non-local expression......Page 47
Necessity of REMS with or without associated dream......Page 48
References......Page 49
Early intimations of REM sleep......Page 51
The passive theory of sleep......Page 53
The ascending reticular activating system......Page 54
The beginning of the end of the passive theory......Page 56
Rhombencephalic sleep......Page 57
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 60
Sex......Page 61
Race and marital status......Page 62
Psychiatric illness......Page 63
Dreams across a night......Page 64
References......Page 66
Concordance......Page 69
Maturation......Page 70
REM sleep function in early life......Page 71
REM sleep and the critical period for visual development: LGN......Page 72
Theories of sleep function in developing animals: the ontogenetic hypothesis......Page 73
References......Page 74
Therian mammals (marsupials and eutherians)......Page 78
Monotremes......Page 79
Avian reptiles......Page 82
Convergent evolution of REM sleep in mammals and birds......Page 84
Evolutionary loss of REM sleep......Page 85
Evolutionary determinants of REM sleep duration......Page 86
Conclusion......Page 87
References......Page 89
Introduction......Page 91
Distribution of regional brain activity during REMS......Page 92
Neural correlates of the variability in heart rate during REMS......Page 94
Dependence on previous waking experience......Page 95
References......Page 96
REM sleep propensity......Page 100
Electroencephalogram activity......Page 101
Origin and concept of sleep homeostasis......Page 102
Electroencephalogram activity as a marker of REM sleep need......Page 103
Muscle atonia during NREM sleep as a marker of REM sleep need......Page 104
Mutual inhibition of the sleep states......Page 105
References......Page 106
Section III Neuronal regulation......Page 109
The diencephalic cat......Page 111
The cat without the thalamus......Page 113
Insomnia, sleep pressure, and rebound in diencephalic and athalamic cats......Page 114
Specific sites in the telencephalon......Page 115
References......Page 116
The preoptic area......Page 119
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus......Page 120
The median preoptic nucleus......Page 122
The basal forebrain......Page 123
The suprachiasmatic nucleus......Page 125
References......Page 126
Anatomical substrate for amygdalar modulation of REM......Page 130
Amygdala and ponto-­geniculo-occipital waves......Page 131
Amygdala and the regulation of REM......Page 132
Amygdala and stress-induced alterations in sleep......Page 134
Amygdalar modulation of tonic and phasic REM in depression......Page 136
Amygdalar modulation of REM mechanisms in narcolepsy: cataplexy and REM......Page 137
Evidence for amygdalar modulation of REM in PTSD......Page 138
References......Page 139
Acute animals......Page 141
Chronic animals......Page 142
Acute animals......Page 144
REM sleep behavior disorder and the ventral mesopontine junction......Page 145
References......Page 147
Introduction......Page 150
From behavioral to electrographic measures of infant sleep and wakefulness......Page 151
The neural substrates of infant sleep–wake states and myoclonic twitching......Page 152
Myoclonic twitching and its effect on infant neocortical activity......Page 154
Myoclonic twitching and its effect on infant hippocampal activity......Page 156
References......Page 157
Mechanisms of REM sleep sign generation......Page 160
Description of PGO/P-waves......Page 161
Description of the PGO/P-wave generator......Page 162
REM sleep and memory consolidation......Page 163
Physiological evidence......Page 164
Behavioral evidence......Page 165
Biochemical/molecular evidence......Page 166
References......Page 167
Introduction......Page 171
Nucleus pontis oralis – brain-stem source for the generation of the theta: recording and stimulation studies......Page 172
Ascending brain stem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the hippocampal theta rhythm......Page 173
Ascending systems controlling non-theta states of the hippocampal EEG (hippocampal EEG desynchronization): role of the median......Page 174
Median raphe stimulation-induced hippocampal desynchronization: large-amplitude irregular activity, small-amplitude irregular......Page 175
Unit activity in the MR nucleus in relation to the hippocampal EEG: serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons......Page 176
Site(s) of action of MR desynchronizing effects on the hippocampal EEG......Page 177
Recent analysis of brain-stem substrates controlling the indices and state of REM sleep: the cellular-molecular-network model......Page 178
Function of the hippocampal theta rhythm of wakefulness......Page 179
Acknowledgments......Page 180
References......Page 181
Introduction......Page 184
Respiratory motor neurons......Page 185
Sources of excitation of the respiratory system in REM sleep......Page 187
The pattern of REM-specific endogenous drive......Page 190
References......Page 191
Introduction......Page 193
Brain areas modulating wakefulness......Page 194
REM sleep-generating areas......Page 195
Brain-stem REM-off neurons......Page 196
Is activation of the wake center requisite for REM sleep termination?......Page 197
An antagonistic interaction between the neuronal circuitries of the midbrain and caudal brain-stem reticular area......Page 199
References......Page 200
Noradrenaline......Page 203
Dopamine......Page 206
Serotonin......Page 208
References......Page 209
Acetylcholine-containing neurons and cholinergic receptors......Page 214
Cholinergic cell discharge and ACh release during REM sleep......Page 215
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors differentially modulate REM sleep......Page 216
Regulation of REM sleep by cholinoceptive neurons of the pontine reticular formation......Page 217
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and hypocretin......Page 219
Adenosine......Page 220
Future directions......Page 222
References......Page 223
The hypothalamus and REM sleep......Page 226
Role of brain-stem GABAergic transmission in sleep and arousal......Page 227
Laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus......Page 228
Pontine reticular formation......Page 229
Subcoeruleus......Page 230
References......Page 231
The discovery of the pontine generator of REM sleep and the cholinergic hypothesis......Page 234
Evidence that SLD neurons triggering PS are glutamatergic......Page 235
Sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus glutamatergic neurons are inhibited by GABAergic neurons during W and SWS......Page 236
Role of the monoaminergic neurons in the control of SLD glutamatergic neurons......Page 237
A network model for PS onset and maintenance......Page 238
References......Page 239
Introduction......Page 243
Histamine synthesis and metabolism......Page 244
Inhibitory and facilitatory influences of other neurotransmitter systems on HA-containing TMN neurons......Page 245
Histamine receptors......Page 246
Rates of firing of histaminergic neurons involved in the regulation of sleep and waking......Page 247
Histamine synthesis inhibition......Page 248
Histidine decarboxylase knock-out mice and HAergic H1 and H3 receptor knock-out mice......Page 249
H1 receptor agonists and antagonists......Page 250
References......Page 251
Introduction......Page 254
Hypocretin receptors and signal transduction......Page 255
Anatomical inputs that modulate HCRT neurons......Page 256
Hypocretin neurons are wake-active/REM-off neurons......Page 257
Excitatory and inhibitory influences on HCRT neurons......Page 258
Glutamatergic influences......Page 259
Adenosinergic influences......Page 260
Monoaminergic system......Page 261
REM sleep generation: role of the HCRTergic system......Page 262
Non-REM sleep......Page 263
References......Page 264
Neuropeptides regulating sleep and food intake......Page 267
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and prolactin hormone......Page 268
Melanin-concentrating hormone......Page 269
Cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript......Page 270
Neuropeptides that act as trophic factors and regulate sleep......Page 271
Intracellular proteins and sleep......Page 272
References......Page 273
Introduction......Page 276
Adenosine and the regulation of sleep......Page 277
Adenosine and the histaminergic posterior hypothalamus......Page 278
Adenosine and the orexinergic lateral hypothalamus......Page 279
Adenosine and the pontine reticular formation......Page 280
Muscle activity during REM sleep......Page 281
Neurochemical substrates regulating muscle activity during REM sleep......Page 282
References......Page 283
Introduction......Page 286
The importance of neurotransmitters in REM-sleep regulation......Page 287
Saper’s flip-flop model......Page 288
Sakai’s mutual-interaction model......Page 290
Neurotransmitters change in the pathway of muscle atonia......Page 291
Acetylcholine......Page 292
Norepinephrine......Page 295
References......Page 296
Introduction......Page 300
Pontine inhibitory neurons as a link between the hypothalamus and the pontine REM sleep generator......Page 301
Significance......Page 302
References......Page 304
Early transection studies......Page 305
The pontine reticular formation, and its role in REM-sleep expression......Page 306
PGO waves/P-waves......Page 307
Serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms involved in REM-sleep suppression......Page 308
REM-on GABAergic brain-stem mechanisms......Page 309
Orexinergic nuclei of the lateral hypothalamus......Page 310
The reciprocal-interaction model......Page 311
The updated reciprocal-interaction model......Page 312
The revised model of REM (paradoxical) sleep control (Luppi and colleagues)......Page 313
References......Page 315
Introduction......Page 321
REM deprivation methods in animals......Page 322
REM deprivation in rats......Page 323
REM sleep and thermoregulation......Page 324
Significance of deprivation studies: function of REM sleep......Page 325
REM-sleep deprivation and memory......Page 326
REM-sleep deprivation and pain......Page 327
References......Page 328
Overview of thermoregulation in sleep......Page 331
Modulation of body core temperature in sleep......Page 332
Onset of sleep......Page 333
NREM sleep......Page 334
Thermal inertia of the body core......Page 335
Acknowledgments......Page 336
References......Page 337
Memory system classifications......Page 339
Memory consolidation and REM sleep......Page 340
Hippocampal place-cell activity and sleep......Page 341
Hippocampal theta rhythm and memory consolidation......Page 342
Synaptic plasticity: contributions of REM sleep-associated changes in brain monoamine levels......Page 343
References......Page 344
Memory systems......Page 348
Verbal memory......Page 349
Sleep enhances perceptual and motor procedural memory......Page 350
Tower of Hanoi......Page 351
Probabilistic learning......Page 352
The nature of sleep-dependent enhancement of learning and memory......Page 353
Slow-wave sleep and REM......Page 354
NREM Stages 1 and 2......Page 355
References......Page 356
Sleep and emotional-memory formation......Page 359
Sleep and emotional-memory consolidation......Page 361
Sleep loss, mood stability, and emotional brain (re)activity......Page 364
Emotional-memory processing: a sleep to forget and sleep to remember (SFSR) hypothesis......Page 365
Predictions of the model......Page 366
References......Page 368
REM-sleep deprivation......Page 370
Cellular and physiological implications of oxidative stress......Page 371
Results from REM-sleep deprivation studies......Page 373
Physiological significance of REM sleep deprivation-induced changes in oxidative stress and apoptosis......Page 374
References......Page 376
Introduction......Page 379
REM-sleep deprivation and neuronal excitability......Page 380
Norepinephrine: relationship with REM sleep and its deprivation......Page 381
Mechanism of action of norepinephrine in stimulating Na-K ATPase activity......Page 382
Significance of REM sleep in maintaining neuronal excitability......Page 383
References......Page 385
Introduction......Page 388
Locus coeruleus/adrenal medulla......Page 389
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis......Page 390
Methods of REM-sleep deprivation and the stressors involved......Page 391
Comparison with acute and chronic stressors......Page 393
Involvement of glucocorticoids......Page 398
References......Page 401
Phenomenology of REM sleep in depression......Page 403
Effects of antidepressants on REM sleep......Page 405
Neurophysiology of REM-sleep regulation......Page 407
The role of neuroendocrine systems in REM-sleep changes in depression......Page 409
References......Page 411
Introduction......Page 415
Transcription factors and neurotransmitter synthesizing proteins......Page 416
Signal transduction and membrane-associated proteins......Page 417
Neuropeptides......Page 418
REM sleep, apoptosis, and neurogenesis......Page 419
Introduction......Page 423
Objective measures of sleep abnormalities in narcolepsy......Page 424
Unstable sleep–wake switch......Page 427
Loss of circadian wake signal......Page 428
Altered REM-on/REM-off interaction......Page 429
REM sleep, but not cataplexy, is governed by an ultradian REM sleep cyclicity in narcolepsy......Page 430
Muscle activity during REM sleep in narcolepsy and RBD......Page 432
References......Page 434
Sleep, REM sleep, and anxiety disorders......Page 437
Total sleep deprivation......Page 438
REM sleep, dreams, and somatic distress......Page 439
REM sleep behavior disorder and dreams with increased aggressiveness......Page 441
References......Page 443
Emotional disturbances in sleep disorders......Page 447
Sleep alterations in mood disorders......Page 448
Effects of sleep deprivation on emotional responses......Page 449
Consolidation of emotional memory during sleep......Page 450
REM dreaming and affective processing......Page 451
References......Page 453
Introduction......Page 457
Neuron groups participating in regulation of sleep–wake states......Page 458
Modeling of regulatory mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness......Page 459
Simulations of neuronal activities during REM sleep and state transitions in rats......Page 461
Maintenance and termination of REM sleep......Page 463
Modeling of human sleep and wakefulness rhythms......Page 464
Possible further updates of model structure......Page 466
References......Page 467
Dreaming and the emotional surge......Page 470
Introduction......Page 471
Mood predictability across the night......Page 472
Dream differences between groups......Page 473
Emotionally significant waking (interpersonal) experiences influence dream content......Page 474
The mood change–dream content relationship......Page 475
The mood regulatory function of sleep......Page 476
Emotional problem solving: a comment......Page 477
References......Page 478
Index......Page 480
Plates......Page 499