دانلود کتاب Simplifying Strabismus: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Management

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Introduction
Contents
List of Videos
1 Making Sense of Strabismus
1.1 Aetiology of Strabismus
1.1.1 Heredity
1.1.2 Refractive Errors
1.1.3 Developmental Delay
1.1.4 Anatomical Causes
1.1.5 Innervational Basis
1.2 Classification of Strabismus
1.3 Treatment
1.3.1 Occlusion Therapy for Amblyopia
1.3.2 Correcting Refractive Error
1.3.3 Occlusion and Prismatic Correction
1.3.4 Botulinum Toxin
1.3.5 Extraocular Muscle Surgery
References
2 Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
2.1 Pulley Systems
2.2 Blood Supply
3 Applied Physiology of Eye Movements
3.1 Synergist
3.2 Antagonist
3.3 Actions of the Extraocular Muscles
3.4 Neurology of Eye Movements
3.4.1 Saccades
3.4.2 Smooth Pursuit
3.4.3 Vergence
3.4.4 Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
4 Examining a Patient with Strabismus
4.1 Taking a Detailed History
4.1.1 Presenting Complaints
4.1.2 Previous Ophthalmic Treatment
4.1.3 Medical History
4.1.4 Family History
4.2 Examination
4.2.1 Visual Acuity Assessment
4.2.2 Facial Asymmetry and Head Posture
4.2.3 Refractive Error and Prismatic Correction
4.2.4 Assessment of the Ocular Deviation
4.2.5 Assessment of Ocular Motility
4.2.6 Ductions Versus Versions
4.2.7 Park’s Three Step Test
4.2.8 Saccades and Pursuit
5 Orthoptic Assessment of a Patient with Strabismus
5.1 Bruckner’s Test
5.2 Prism Cover Test
5.3 Prism Reflex Test
5.4 Diplopia Charting
5.5 Field of Binocular Single Vision
5.6 Assessment of Binocular Status
5.7 Normal and Abnormal Retinal Correspondence
5.8 Testing Binocular Vision
5.8.1 Simultaneous Macular Perception
5.8.2 Fusion
5.8.3 Sensory Fusion or Stereopsis
5.9 Qualitative Test
5.9.1 Lang Two Pencil Test
5.9.2 Synoptophore
5.10 Quantitative Tests
5.10.1 TNO Test
5.10.2 Wirt’s Fly Test
5.10.3 Frisby Stereotest
5.10.4 Lang Test
5.11 Hess Charts
5.12 Interpretation of Hess Charts
5.13 Postoperative Diplopia Test
5.14 Prism Adaptation
5.15 Measurement of Cyclotropia
5.16 Double Maddox Rods
5.17 Synoptophore
5.18 Fundus Photographs
5.19 Hess Screen
6 Concomitant Strabismus
6.1 Classification of Strabismus
6.2 Exotropias
6.3 Intermittent Exotropia
6.3.1 Natural Course
6.3.2 Clinical Presentation
6.3.3 Examination
6.3.4 Orthoptic Testing
6.4 Treatment of Exotropia
6.5 Non Surgical
6.5.1 Conservative
6.5.2 Orthoptic Exercises
6.5.3 Part Time Occlusion
6.5.4 Overminus Lens Therapy
6.5.5 Prisms
6.6 Surgical Intervention
6.6.1 Toxin
6.6.2 Surgery
6.7 Other Forms of Exotropia
6.7.1 Primary Constant Exotropia
6.7.2 Consecutive Exotropia
6.7.3 Sensory Exotropia
6.8 Esotropias
6.9 Non-accommodative Esotropias
6.9.1 Early Onset Esotropia (Infantile or Congenital)
6.9.2 Pathogenesis
6.9.3 Infantile Esotropia
6.9.4 Management of Infantile Esotropia
6.9.5 Early Surgery
6.9.6 Delayed Surgery
6.9.7 Surgical Treatment
6.10 Non-accommodative Late Onset Esotropia
6.10.1 Clinical Presentation
6.10.2 Treatment
6.11 Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia (AACE) or Acute Non-accommodative Esotropia (ANAET)
6.11.1 Clinical Presentation
6.11.2 Treatment
6.12 Cyclical Esotropia
6.12.1 Clinical Presentation
6.12.2 Etiology
6.12.3 Treatment
6.13 The Role of Accommodation in Esotropias
6.14 AC/A Ratio
6.14.1 Gradient Method
6.14.2 Heterophoria Method
6.15 Accommodative Esotropia
6.15.1 Fully Accommodative Esotropia
6.15.2 Partially Accommodative Esotropia
6.15.3 Convergence Excess Esotropia
6.16 Treatment
6.16.1 Optical
6.16.2 Surgery
References
7 Paralytic Strabismus
7.1 Anatomy
7.2 Clinical Presentation
7.3 Third Nerve Palsy
7.3.1 Anatomy
7.3.2 Presentation
7.3.3 Nuclear Portion
7.3.4 Fascicular Portion
7.3.5 Subarachnoid Space
7.3.6 Cavernous Sinus Syndrome
7.3.7 Orbital Portion
7.3.8 Investigation and Management
7.3.9 Complete Third Nerve Palsy
7.3.10 Partial Third Nerve Palsy
7.3.11 Third Cranial Nerve Palsy in Children
7.3.12 Third Cranial Nerve Palsy in 18–50 Year Olds
7.3.13 Third Cranial Nerve Palsy in Over 50-Year Olds
7.3.14 Treating Third Nerve Palsies
7.4 Fourth Nerve Palsy
7.4.1 Anatomy
7.4.2 Aetiology
7.4.3 Presentation
7.4.4 Site of Trauma
7.4.5 Investigation
7.4.6 Clinical Assessment
7.4.7 Bilateral Fourth Nerve Palsy
7.4.8 Management
7.5 Sixth Nerve Palsy
7.5.1 Anatomy
7.5.2 Presentation
7.5.3 Subarachnoid Space
7.5.4 Petrous Apex
7.5.5 Cavernous Sinus
7.5.6 Orbit
7.5.7 Management of Sixth Nerve Palsy
7.5.8 Treatment
References
8 Supranuclear Disorders
8.1 Congenital Oculomotor Apraxia
8.1.1 Presentation
8.1.2 Aetiology
8.1.3 Treatment
8.2 Conjugate Gaze Deviation
8.3 Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
8.3.1 Presentation
8.3.2 Aetiology
8.3.3 Management
8.4 One and a Half Syndrome
8.5 Double Elevator Palsy
8.5.1 Aetiology
8.5.2 Presentation
8.5.3 Management
8.6 Convergence Spasm
8.6.1 Presentation
8.6.2 Aetiology
8.6.3 Management
8.7 Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome or Parinaud’s Syndrome
8.7.1 Aetiology
8.7.2 Presentation
8.7.3 Treatment
8.8 Skew Deviation
8.8.1 Ocular Tilt Reaction
8.8.2 Aetiology
8.8.3 Presentation
8.8.4 Treatment
8.9 Superior Oblique Myokimia
8.9.1 Aetiology
8.9.2 Presentation
8.9.3 Management
References
9 Alphabet Patterns in Strabismus
9.1 Aetiology
9.1.1 Horizontal Muscle Dysfunction
9.1.2 Vertical Recti Dysfunction
9.1.3 Oblique Muscle Dysfunction and Cyclo-Torsional Effect
9.1.4 Anatomical anomalies of orbits
9.1.5 Anomalies of Muscle Insertions
9.1.6 Anomalies of muscle pulley action
9.2 Presentation
9.3 Treatment of Pattern Strabismus
9.3.1 Oblique Muscle Overaction
9.3.2 Horizontal Muscle Transposition
9.3.3 Pulley Dystopia, Craniosynostoses etc.
References
10 Strabismus in Systemic Disease
10.1 Myasthenia Gravis
10.1.1 Pathophysiology
10.1.2 Clinical Presentation
10.1.3 Diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis
10.1.4 Lambert Eaton Syndrome
10.1.5 Management of Myasthenia Gravis
10.2 Thyroid Eye Disease
10.2.1 Etiology
10.2.2 Risk Factors
10.2.3 Natural History
10.2.4 Presentation
10.2.5 Ocular Motility
10.2.6 Management
10.2.7 Non Surgical Management
10.2.8 Medical Treatment
10.2.9 Orbital Decompression
10.2.10 Strabismus Surgery
10.2.11 Lid Surgery
10.3 Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
10.3.1 Aetiology
10.3.2 Presentation
10.3.3 Management
References
11 Other Forms of Incomitant Strabismus
11.1 Blow Out Fracture
11.1.1 Aetiology
11.1.2 Presentation
11.1.3 Management
11.2 Browns Syndrome
11.2.1 Aetiology
11.2.2 Presentation
11.2.3 Investigation
11.2.4 Management
11.3 Acquired Brown Syndrome
11.4 Duanes Syndrome
11.4.1 Aetiology
11.4.2 Genetics
11.4.3 Presentation
11.4.4 Management
11.5 Dissociated Vertical Deviation
11.5.1 Etiology
11.5.2 Presentation
11.5.3 Treatment
References
12 Surgical and Non-surgical Treatment of Strabismus
12.1 Botulinum Toxin for Strabismus
12.2 Method
12.2.1 Dysport
12.2.2 Botox/Xeomin
12.2.3 Complications
12.3 Bupivacaine in Strabismus
12.4 Surgery for Strabismus
12.4.1 Incisions Utilised in Strabismus Surgery
12.5 Surgical Procedures
12.5.1 Weakening Procedures
12.5.2 Retroequatorial Myopexy (Faden’s Procedure)
12.5.3 Strengthening Procedures
12.6 Calculating the Amount of Surgery to Perform
12.7 Transposition
12.8 Yokoyama’s Procedure
12.9 Harada Ito Procedure
12.10 Anterior Transposition of the Inferior Oblique
12.11 Complications of Strabismus Surgery
References
Index