دانلود کتاب Spinal Dysraphic Malformations: Science and Surgery - Volume 47 (Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, 47)

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Preface
Contents
Gastrulation and Split Cord Malformation
Definition
Nomenclature
Epidemiology
Pathology
Aetiology
Embryology: Germinal Phase
Embryology: Gastrulation
Dysraphism and Embryology
Split Cord Malformation and Embryology
Split Cord Malformation and Experimental Evidence
Signs and Symptoms
Associated Conditions
Neuroimaging
Management
Surgery for Type 1 SCM
Surgery for Type 2 SCM
Complications
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele: Neurosurgical Perspectives
Introduction and Experimental Background
Clinical Studies
Neurosurgery Perspectives
Hydrocephalus
Chiari II Malformation
Motor Function
Anatomical Level
MMC Sac vs No Sac
Gestational Age at the Time of Fetal Repair
Bladder Function
Cognitive Function
Complications at the Myelomeningocele Repair Site
Problems of Wound Healing
Inclusion Cysts
Re-tethering of Spinal Cord
Selection Criteria for Fetal Surgery
Operative Technique: Standard Open Fetal Repair of MMC
Abdominal Opening
Hysterotomy
Fetal Monitoring
Standard Open Repair
Skin Patch Repair
Alternative Techniques
Fetoscopic Repair (FSBAR)
Mini-Hysterotomy
Future Perspectives
References
A New Surgical Paradigm for Postnatal Repair of Open Neural Tube Defects Using Intraoperative Neurophysiology Monitoring
Primary Neurulation Defect
Disadvantages of Traditional Repair of Open Neural Tube Defects
Advantages of the New Paradigm for Repair of Open Neural Tube Defects
Patient Series
Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM)
Surgical Technique
Intraoperative Surgical and IONM Findings
First Illustrative Case: Terminal Lumbar Non-functional Placode (Case #2 in Table 1)
Second Illustrative Case: Preservation of Segmental Lumbar Placode with L5 Functional Level (Case #8 in Table 1)
Histopathology of the Resected Placode
Neurological, Urological and Imaging Follow-Up
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Focal Spinal Nondisjunctional Disorders: Including a Discussion on the Embryogenesis of Cranial Focal Nondisjunctional Lesions
Introduction
Embryogenetic Mechanisms of Focal Nondisjunctional Disorders
Normal Primary Neurulation
On the Caudal End of the Primary Neural Tube
Relevant Features in the Rostral End of Primary Neural Tube
Faults in Embryogenesis in Focal Nondisjunctional Disorders
Molecular Mechanisms of Focal Nondisjunctional Malformations
Embryogenetic Mechanisms of the Subtypes of Focal Spinal Nondisjunctional Disorders
Embryogenetic Mechanisms of Cranial Focal Nondisjunctional Disorders
Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Manifestations of FSND
Pure CSDST
Pathological Anatomy
Clinical Manifestations
Pure LDM
Pathological Anatomy
Clinical Manifestations
Cutaneous Markers
Neurourological Findings
Combined LDM and CSDST, LDM with Hidden Dermal Elements, and Parallel LDM and CSDST in Close Proximity
FSND with Spinal Cord Lipomas, Split Cord Malformations, and Other Dysraphic Malformations
Evaluation of FSND
Management of FSND
Surgery
Surgical Technique for CSDST
Surgical Technique for Flat LDM
Surgical Technique for Saccular LDMs
Surgical Technique for FSNDs Associated with Other Anomalies
Clinical Outcomes of FSND
Conclusion
References
Junctional Neural Tube Defect (JNTD): A Rare and Relatively New Spinal Dysraphic Malformation
Introduction
Neurulation
Junctional Neurulation
Junctional Neural Tube Defect
Clinical Presentation
Imaging
Intraoperative Electrophysiology
Discussion
Conclusion
References
The Current Status of the Surgical Management of Complex Spinal Cord Lipomas: Still Navigating the Labyrinth?
Introduction
Anatomy and Classification
Dorsal Lipoma
Transitional Lipoma
Terminal Lipoma
Chaotic Lipoma
Surgically Relevant Embryology
Embryogenesis of Dorsal and Transitional Lipomas
Embryogenesis of Chaotic Lipomas
Embryogenesis of Terminal Lipoma
Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM)
Electromyographic Needle Placements
Bulbocavernosus Reflex (BCR)
Nerve Root Stimulation and Direct Spinal Cord Stimulation
Transcortical Motor Evoked Potentials (TcMEP)
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs)
Surgical Technique of Total/Near-Total Lipoma Resection
Step 1. Exposure and Dealing with the Extraspinal Lipoma Stalk
Step 2. Detachment of Lipoma from Dura: Unhinging the Hammock
Step 3. Lipoma Resection
Step 4. Pia-to-Pia Neurulation of the Neural Placode
Step 5. Expansile Graft Duraplasty
Surgical Epilogue: Sundry Additional Comments
Complications of Total Lipoma Resection
Results of Total Resection
Early Post-Operative Results
Long-Term Outcome
Predictor Variables Influencing Outcome
Cord-Sac Ratio and the Importance of Neurulation
Pre-Operative Profiling for Good and Poor Risk Patients
Total Resection Versus no Surgery for Asymptomatic Lipomas
Is Partial Resection Worse Than No Resection?
New Doubts, New Insights, and Some New Recommendations
Lipoma Types and Surgical Outcome and the Dubious Rank of Chaotic Lipomas
Pre-Operative Symptoms and Surgical Outcome
The True Value of BCR in Intraoperative Electrophysiology Monitoring
Conclusion
References
Secondary Neurulation Defects: Retained Medullary Cord
Introduction
Definition of RMC
Cystic RMC
‘Possible RMC’
Surgical Treatment of RMC
References
Secondary Neurulation Defect: Terminal Myelocystocele, a Biological Leviathan
Introduction
Pathoembryogenesis
Surgical Technique
Histopathology
Associated Anomaly
Conclusion
References
Updates on Intraoperative Neurophysiology During Surgery for Spinal Dysraphism
Introduction
Tethered Cord Aetiopathogenesis and Classification
Functional Neuroanatomy of the Conus-Cauda Region
Why and When to Operate
Anaesthesia
ION Techniques During Tethered Cord Surgery
Monitoring Techniques
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Motor Evoked Potentials
Free-Running (Spontaneous) Electromyography
Bulbocavernous Reflex
Mapping Techniques
Specific Neuromonitoring Scenarios
Terminal Filum Lipomas
Conus Lipomas
Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis
Conclusion
References
Urological Aspects of Spinal Dysraphism
Basic Bladder Physiology and Developmental Aspects
Development of Bladder Function
Urologic Tools for Investigation in Patients with Spinal Dysraphism
History
Nonoperative Urodynamic Studies
Frequency Volume Chart
Uroflowmetry
Postvoid Residual Urine (PVR) Measurement
Invasive Urodynamic Study
Assessment
Conclusion
References