دانلود کتاب The Working Back: A Systems View

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THE WORKING BACK......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 12
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 14
1.1 Audience for the Book......Page 16
1.3 A Systems View of Low Back Pain Causality......Page 17
1.4 The Reality of Work......Page 18
1.5 How Might the Different Aspects of Work Be Associated with Back Pain......Page 19
1.6 Organization of the Book......Page 21
2.2 How Common is Back Pain?......Page 24
2.3 Back Pain at Work......Page 25
2.4 Epidemiology of Work Risk Factors......Page 26
2.5 Epidemiology of Physical Risk Factors......Page 29
2.6.2 Gender......Page 31
2.6.3 Anthropometry......Page 32
2.6.5 Alcohol......Page 33
2.6.8 Social Class and Psychological Factors......Page 34
2.7 Epidemiology of Work-Related Psychosocial/Organizational Factors......Page 35
2.8 Potential Interaction of Physical and Psychosocial Factors......Page 36
Key Points......Page 38
3.2 Bony Structures of the Spine......Page 42
3.4 Functional Spinal Unit......Page 44
3.6 Ligaments......Page 45
3.8 Fascia......Page 48
3.9 Nerves......Page 50
3.10 Blood Vessels......Page 52
3.12 Facets......Page 53
Key Points......Page 54
4.1 What is Pain?......Page 56
4.3 Pain Transmission......Page 57
4.4 The Pain Process......Page 59
4.5 The Inflammatory Process (Cytokines)......Page 61
4.6 Peripheral Nervous System Sensitization......Page 63
4.8 Pain Mechanisms of the Central Nervous System......Page 64
4.9 Role of the Environment in Central Sensitization......Page 65
4.12 Tissues at Risk of Sensitization......Page 66
4.14 Facet Joints......Page 67
4.15 Muscular-Based Pain......Page 68
Key Points......Page 69
5.1 Views of Back Pain Causality......Page 73
5.2 A Unifying Model of Low Back Pain Pathways......Page 76
5.3 The Support Structure Disruption Pathways......Page 78
5.3.1 Support Structure Tolerance......Page 79
5.4 Disc Tolerance Summary......Page 86
5.6 The Muscle Function Disruption Pathway......Page 87
5.7 The Role of Individual Differences in the Pain Pathways......Page 92
5.9 Summary......Page 94
Key Points......Page 95
CHAPTER 6 THE ASSESSMENT OF BIOMECHANICAL FORCES ACTING ON THE LOW BACK......Page 100
6.1.1 Load Tolerance......Page 101
6.1.2 Moments and Levers......Page 102
6.1.3 External Versus Internal Loading......Page 103
6.2.2 Length–Strength Relationship......Page 105
6.2.3 The Impact of Velocity on Muscle Force......Page 106
6.2.4 Temporal Relationships......Page 107
6.4 Loading of the Lumbar Spine......Page 108
6.5 Spine Load Assessments......Page 109
6.6 Models of Spine Load......Page 110
6.7 Biologically Driven Modeling of Spine Loading......Page 113
6.8 Stability-Driven Spine Loading Models......Page 119
6.8.1 Predictions of Muscle (Motor) Control within Torso......Page 121
6.9 What Drives Motor Control? The Mental Model......Page 123
Key Points......Page 125
7.1 Introduction......Page 130
7.2 Industrial Quantitative Surveillance of Physical Exposure......Page 131
7.3 Strength Capacity Assessments of Work Load......Page 132
7.3.1 Static Analyses of Work Load......Page 133
7.4 Dynamic Analyses of Work Load......Page 134
7.6 Spine Loading and Task Performance......Page 140
7.7.1 Moment Exposure......Page 141
7.8 Role of Trunk Muscle Cocontraction in Spine Loading......Page 142
7.9 Trunk Motion......Page 143
7.10 Nonsagittal Plane Loading......Page 146
7.10.1 Lateral Motion......Page 147
7.10.2 Twisting Motion......Page 149
7.10.3 Task Asymmetry......Page 151
7.10.4 Lift Height......Page 152
7.10.5 One-Handed Versus Two-Handed Lifting......Page 155
7.11 Lifting Versus Lowering......Page 159
7.11.1 Cumulative Exposure......Page 160
7.12 Duration of Exposure to Lifting Tasks......Page 161
7.13 Worker Experience, Task Frequency, and Moment Exposure......Page 163
7.14.1 Handles......Page 167
7.15 Lifting While Supporting the Body......Page 169
7.16 Team Lifting......Page 171
7.17 Pushing and Pulling......Page 173
7.18 Seated and Constrained Work Postures......Page 177
7.19 Physical Work Factor Summary......Page 179
7.20 Summary......Page 182
Key Points......Page 183
8.1 Introduction......Page 187
8.2 Psychosocial and Organizational Interactions......Page 188
8.3 Biomechanical Responses to Psychosocial Environment......Page 189
8.4 Biomechanical Responses to Mental Stress at Work......Page 191
8.5 Expectation......Page 195
Key Points......Page 196
9.2 Gender......Page 200
9.2.1 Personality......Page 206
9.3 Experience......Page 209
Key Points......Page 211
10.1 When Risk Factors Collide......Page 213
10.2 The Magnitude of Influence of the Three Risk Factor Categories......Page 214
10.3 Can Risk Factor Interactions be Predicted?......Page 219
10.4 Conclusions......Page 220
Key Points......Page 221
11.1 Introduction......Page 223
11.2 Static Strength Prediction Programs......Page 224
11.3 Psychophysical Tolerance Limits......Page 225
11.5.1 The 1981 Lifting Guide......Page 227
11.5.2 The 1993 Revised Equation......Page 229
11.6 Video-Based Biomechanical Models......Page 231
11.7 Lumbar Motion Monitor Risk Assessment......Page 232
11.8 Lifting Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)......Page 235
11.9 Workplace Assessment Comparisons......Page 239
Key Points......Page 242
12.1 Implementing Psychosocial and Organizational Change......Page 245
12.2 Elements of the Process......Page 247
12.3.2 Worker Rotation......Page 249
12.3.4 Stretching Programs......Page 250
12.3.5 Back Belts......Page 251
12.4 Summary......Page 252
Key Points......Page 253
13.2 Systems Intervention......Page 255
13.3.1 Patient Handling Interventions......Page 256
13.3.2 Types of Physical Interventions......Page 259
13.4 Implementing Both Physical and Psychosocial Interventions......Page 260
13.5 Summary......Page 261
Key Points......Page 262
14.1 Introduction......Page 264
14.2 The Natural History of Low Back Pain Recovery......Page 265
14.3 How can One Quantify the Extent of Low Back Pain?......Page 266
14.3.1 Impairment Assessment......Page 267
14.3.2 Effort Sincerity......Page 280
14.4 Spine Loading of those Experiencing Low Back Pain......Page 285
14.5 Can Kinematic Impairment Assessments Predict Changes in Spine Loading?......Page 294
14.6 Lifting Exposure Limits for Workers with LBP......Page 298
14.7 Recurrence of LBP and Work......Page 299
14.9 Conclusions......Page 305
Key Points......Page 306
CHAPTER 15 CONCLUSIONS......Page 311
15.1 Summary......Page 314
INDEX......Page 316