دانلود کتاب Tourism : changes, impacts and opportunities

فهرست مطالب :

Cover......Page 1
Tourism: change, impacts and opportunities......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
List of figures......Page 9
List of tables......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Publisher’s acknowledgements......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Organization......Page 18
Some research issues......Page 19
Impact studies......Page 20
Relationships between leisure, recreation and tourism......Page 23
Definitions of tourism......Page 26
Describing tourism: implications for impact assessment......Page 30
Commentary......Page 32
Frameworks......Page 34
The dynamic element......Page 37
The destination element......Page 48
The consequential element......Page 53
Tourist decision-making......Page 54
Purchasing tourist products......Page 57
The tourist profile......Page 59
Spatial relationships......Page 64
Summary and implications......Page 65
Understanding change......Page 67
Evolving perspectives......Page 69
Spatial and temporal factors......Page 72
Destination characteristics......Page 76
The state of knowledge......Page 77
Factors contributing to and mediating impacts......Page 80
Summary......Page 82
Economic consequences......Page 83
Economic characteristics of the tourism industry......Page 88
Tourism and economic development......Page 92
Advantages of tourism......Page 98
Conditions for development......Page 100
The realities of tourism and economic development......Page 103
Economic benefits and costs......Page 104
Tourism and the balance of payments......Page 105
Currency flows......Page 117
Tourism and national economic growth (gross domestic product or gdp)......Page 121
Economic multipliers......Page 124
Income generation and the distribution of tourist spending......Page 135
Tourism and employment......Page 140
Tourism and entrepreneurial activity......Page 151
Tourism and economic structure......Page 156
Economic impacts of special events and specific tourist industry activities......Page 158
The economic costs of tourism......Page 160
Economic indicators of the future of tourism......Page 165
Summary......Page 167
Environmental consequences......Page 169
Tourism–environment relationships......Page 172
Tourism and the environment: a symbiotic relationship......Page 175
Tourism and environment in conflict......Page 183
Impacts of tourism on ecosystems......Page 202
Impacts of tourism on built environments......Page 210
Tourism and competition for resources: tourism in rural areas......Page 228
Conclusions......Page 232
Social consequences......Page 235
Tourist–host interrelationships......Page 238
Social impacts of tourism......Page 241
Framework for the measurement of social impacts......Page 242
Tourism and social change: euphoria to xenophobia......Page 247
Tourism and moral conduct......Page 257
Tourism and religion......Page 265
Tourism and language......Page 268
Tourism and health......Page 270
Summary......Page 273
Cultural impacts......Page 274
Tourism and cultural change......Page 278
Intercultural communication......Page 282
Authenticity in the tourist experience......Page 286
Tourism and material forms of culture......Page 287
Tourism and non-material forms of culture......Page 295
Conclusions......Page 299
Sustainable developments......Page 303
Sustainable development......Page 304
The status of tourism planning and management......Page 308
Points, lines and areas......Page 311
Impact assessment and monitoring......Page 313
Analysis versus involvement......Page 321
Community-based tourism, stakeholders and partnerships......Page 322
An evaluation triangle......Page 323
Conclusions......Page 326
Conclusions......Page 328
Planning for tourist impacts......Page 331
Impact research and planning......Page 332
Summary......Page 339
References and bibliography......Page 343
Index......Page 405