دانلود کتاب Unpacking E-Commerce Business Models, Trends and Policies

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Foreword Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms Executive Summary Chapter 1. Understanding e-commerce What is e-commerce? 1.1. Defining e-commerce Measuring e-commerce A wide range of policy areas impact e-commerce Consumer policy Taxation Competition Cross-border trade Environment Key areas for policy action Notes References Chapter 2. Tracking E-Commerce Trends Broad e-commerce trends B2B transactions dominate the e-commerce landscape, but B2C is on the rise 2.1. Value of e-commerce in the US and EU28 by sector, 2016 2.2. E-commerce intensity by sector, 2017 2.3. Growth in EU28 e-commerce B2C- vs. B2B-intensive sectors, 2010-17 Mobile e-commerce and alternative payment methods are increasing in importance E-commerce trends: A firm perspective 2.1. Defining sellers in the e-commerce ecosystem Firms increasingly participate in e-commerce, with large variations across countries and by firm size 2.4. Firm participation in e-commerce by size, 2017 2.5. E-commerce intensity, 2017 2.2. Comparison of e-commerce participation and turnover contribution suggests mixed business models and rising e-commerce intensity at the firm level 2.6. Firm participation and e-commerce turnover by size class, 2008-17 2.7. E-commerce engagement in web sales and EDI by firm size, 2010-17 2.8. Sales channels and B2C sales by sector, 2012-17 Factors that influence firms’ participation in e-commerce 2.9. Obstacles to selling on the web cited by firms, 2015 2.10. Problems that EU28 firms expect if they were to sell products online, 2015 2.11. Difficulties that EU28 firms encountered when selling to other European countries, 2014 2.12. Difficulties experienced when making web sales to other EU countries, 2016 E-commerce trends: A consumer perspective Consumer participation is rising, but varies by age, gender, income and education 2.13. Individuals who participated in e-commerce by age and gender, 2018 2.14. Individuals who participated in e-commerce by household income and educational level, 2018 2.15. Broadband access and participation in e-commerce by rural and urban areas, 2018 What consumer are buying online is changing, with clothing, footwear and sporting goods in high demand Convenience, price and availability explain why many individuals participate in e-commerce, but certain impediments persist 2.3. Tapping into new data sources: BBVA credit card data 2.16. Domestic online credit card expenditure in Spain by product category, 2016 2.17. Reasons for not shopping online, 2017 Cross-border e-commerce trends B2C e-commerce is essential for SME exports and has spurred the rise of the Chinese market for e-commerce 2.18. Enterprises that participated in e-commerce sales to other countries, 2016 2.19. Enterprises that participated in e-commerce sales to other countries by sector, 2016 2.20. Individuals who purchased online from sellers in other countries, 2018 2.21. Products that individuals purchased online from sellers abroad, 2017 Key areas for policy action Notes References Chapter 3. Evolving e-commerce business models 3.1. What is a business model? 3.2. Data: Enabling innovation in e-commerce Online platform e-commerce business models Increased scale and scope of goods and services 3.3. Transforming back-end operations using digital technologies Matching buyers and sellers 3.4. Using big data analytics and AI to improve matching 3.5. Pricing on online e-commerce platforms Approaches to increase trust 3.6. Digital identity and its potential for e-commerce 3.7. Disintermediating e-commerce: The potential of blockchain to enable trusted transactions Mechanisms to facilitate firm participation Subscription e-commerce business models Access to digital products by subscription 3.8. Using blockchain for digital rights management 3.9. Cloud computing underpins digital service models Subscription access to tangible and bundled goods and services 3.10. Connected devices can facilitate recurring purchases of goods that require replenishment 3.11. The last mile: Using technologies to make the delivery of tangible products more efficient Online-offline e-commerce business models 3.12. Mobile technologies are helping e-commerce to flourish in brick-and-mortar stores Online-offline distribution mechanisms 3.1. Consumer preferences for buying groceries, 2017 3.13. Distributed ledger technologies help trace product provenance Going offline to ensure the right fit Online ordering in brick-and-mortar stores Innovative payment mechanisms Digital wallets can foster e-commerce 3.14. Digital wallets: Digitalising payments in the real world Mobile money can help extend e-commerce to the unbanked 3.15. M-Pesa: Enabling e-commerce for the unbanked Blockchain-enabled payment mechanisms may boost e-commerce Key areas for policy action Remove regulatory barriers that preserve artificial distinctions between online and offline commerce Encourage regulatory flexibility, experimentation and transparency Notes References Annex A. Tapping into New Data Sources E-commerce is prevalent among firms with a Facebook page, but varies by sector A.1. Online sellers, 2017-18 A.2. Online sellers by sector, 2017-18 Even the smallest firms often participate in online sales, and many are managed by women A.3. Online sellers by firm size, 2017-18 Firms using online tools are more likely to export, export to more countries and obtain larger shares of turnover from exports A.4. Online vs. offline exporters: Export intensity and number of export destinations A.5. Online vs. offline sellers: Challenges of selling to foreign markets Notes Reference List of Figures List of Boxes